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PSY2016 Social Psychology with Research Methods 2 > 2- Why are people prosocial? > Flashcards

2- Why are people prosocial? Flashcards

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1
Q

What category are personal factors and situational factors in?

A

Specific factors that may determine prosocial behaviour

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2
Q

What is the helping reason leading to empathy based altruism?

A

Feeling sorry for someone

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3
Q

What type of factor is empathy based altruism?

A

Social

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4
Q

How is empathy based altruism motivated?

A

By an emotional response

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5
Q

What are the helping reasons for the nature of the need?

A

Problems being uncontrollable, genuine, or clear (unambiguous)

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6
Q

What is the nature of the need?

A

We are more likely to help if the perceived need is clear and unambiguous, legitimate and uncontrollable

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7
Q

What type of factor is the nature of the need?

A

Situational

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8
Q

How does perception of the victim influence helping behaviour?

A

We are more likely to help if the victim is similar to you, someone you have a relationship with, or you perceive as attractive

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9
Q

What type of factor is perception of the victim?

A

Situational

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10
Q

How does a good mood influence helping behaviour?

A

We are more likely to help if we are in a good mood

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11
Q

How might prosocialness and bad mood interact?

A

Being prosocial may help alleviate our bad mood

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12
Q

What type of factor is mood?

A

Personal

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13
Q

How might competence influence helping behaviour?

A

We are more likely to help if you perceive yourself to be competent or have the skills to help

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14
Q

What type of factor is competence?

A

Personal

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15
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

Believing that someone else would help- reducing responsibility feeling

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16
Q

What type of factor is diffusion of responsibility?

A

Social

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17
Q

What is audience inhibition?

A

Having the fear of looking foolish or incompetent in front of others so not helping

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18
Q

What type of factor is audience inhibition?

A

Social/situational

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19
Q

How does how well we know someone influence helping behaviour?

A

If we know someone then we are more likely to help them

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20
Q

What type of factor is knowing someone?

A

Situational

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21
Q

Why is evidence mixed for how a bad mood may influence helping behaviour?

A

We may not help as we are more preoccupied with ourselves, however being prosocial may alleviate bad mood

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22
Q

What is social influence regarding helping behaviour?

A

If other onlookers seem to be unworried by the situation then we may be less likely to help

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23
Q

What type of factor is social influence?

A

Social

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24
Q

What characterises a personal factor?

A

What a person brings to the situation

25
Q

What characterises a situational factor?

A

Things to do with the situation that can’t be controlled

26
Q

What characterises a social factor?

A

How other people influence the reason to help/not

27
Q

5 additional personal factors

A
  1. Feeling guilt
  2. Considering self as a ‘helpful person’
  3. Feeling in control
  4. Feeling like the leader
  5. Gender
28
Q

Why might feeling like the leader mean that we are more likely to help?

A

Less diffusion of responsibility

29
Q

3 additional situational factors

A
  1. Number of other bystanders
  2. Rural vs city location
  3. “Scrooge” effect
30
Q

What 3 things does the bystander effect depend on?

A
  1. Nature of the group (reduced effect for ‘connected’ groups)
  2. Relationship with the victim (effect reduced for kinship)
  3. Seriousness of the situation (effect reduced for high-risk situations)
31
Q

What is the “scrooge” effect?

A

We are more likely to help when confronted about own mortality

32
Q

What does the evolutionary account suggest that we have?

A

A biological predisposition to help others

33
Q

What is the communicative gene (evolutionary account)?

A

Programmed to recognise emotional signals + programmed to want social bonds= prosocial behaviour

34
Q

3 pieces of evidence supporting evolutionary accounts

A
  1. Evidence for helping behaviour in animals
  2. More likely to help those related to us (kin selection)
  3. More likely to help the young than the old
35
Q

What is a problem with biological accounts?

A

They can’t explain all behaviour

36
Q

What is reciprocal altruism?

A

Helping because this person may help in the future

37
Q

What is the condition needed for reciprocal altruism?

A

Costs for the helper must be lower than benefits for the recipient

38
Q

What 2 ways can we learn according to social accounts?

A

Direct and indirect

39
Q

2 direct ways of social learning

A

Instructions and reinforcements

40
Q

How is behaviour indirectly learnt?

A

Modelling/vicarious learning

41
Q

What is the reciprocity norm?

A

A norm to reciprocate behaviour

42
Q

What is the social responsibility norm?

A

Deciding whether we should help someone in need or not

43
Q

What is an attribution?

A

Way that we think about ourselves is going to determine whether we want to behave prosocially

44
Q

What is a self-attribution?

A

Internalising helpful behaviour

45
Q

What is the benefit of a self-attribution?

A

We can use it as a guide in future situations, and thinking of oneself as a ‘helpful person’ has greater longevity

46
Q

What is a victim attribution?

A

Judgment about whether the victim deserved their fate

47
Q

What is the ‘just world hypothesis’?

A

We need to believe that the world is a fair and just place

48
Q

What 2 conditions does helping depend on with a victim attribution?

A

Belief that:
1- victim is a special case
2- need is temporary, not persistent

49
Q

What is empathy?

A

Recognising emotional state of others

50
Q

What kind of response does empathy produce?

A

An arousal response in the self

51
Q

2 consequences of attribution of the state to the other

A

Empathetic response and prosocial behaviour

52
Q

2 consequences of misattribution of the state

A

Personal distress and withdrawal

53
Q

What is the bystander-calculus model?

A

Physiological arousal causes us to label the arousal and we evaluate consequences of helping/not helping

54
Q

Why does the evolutionary account say that we are prosocial?

A

Survival of kin and reciprocal altruism

55
Q

Why do social accounts say that we are prosocial?

A

Because we have been told to be, it may be rewarding, social norms dictate it, helps our own egos

56
Q

Why does the bystander-calculus model say we are prosocial?

A

Benefits outweigh costs

57
Q

What is true empathy-based altruism?

A

People help even when they are no longer troubled by observing another’s suffering

58
Q

Is receiving help always a positive thing?

A

No

59
Q

What are 5 risks of receiving help?

A
  • Gratitude expected
  • Threatens self-esteem
  • Reliance on others
  • Feeling inferior
  • Pressure to reciprocate

PSY2016 Social Psychology with Research Methods 2 (4 decks)

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