2- Why are people prosocial?

Question 1

What category are personal factors and situational factors in?

Answer 1

Specific factors that may determine prosocial behaviour

Question 2

What is the helping reason leading to empathy based altruism?

Answer 2

Feeling sorry for someone

Question 3

What type of factor is empathy based altruism?

Answer 3

Social

Question 4

How is empathy based altruism motivated?

Answer 4

By an emotional response

Question 5

What are the helping reasons for the nature of the need?

Answer 5

Problems being uncontrollable, genuine, or clear (unambiguous)

Question 6

What is the nature of the need?

Answer 6

We are more likely to help if the perceived need is clear and unambiguous, legitimate and uncontrollable

Question 7

What type of factor is the nature of the need?

Answer 7

Situational

Question 8

How does perception of the victim influence helping behaviour?

Answer 8

We are more likely to help if the victim is similar to you, someone you have a relationship with, or you perceive as attractive

Question 9

What type of factor is perception of the victim?

Answer 9

Situational

Question 10

How does a good mood influence helping behaviour?

Answer 10

We are more likely to help if we are in a good mood

Question 11

How might prosocialness and bad mood interact?

Answer 11

Being prosocial may help alleviate our bad mood

Question 12

What type of factor is mood?

Answer 12

Personal

Question 13

How might competence influence helping behaviour?

Answer 13

We are more likely to help if you perceive yourself to be competent or have the skills to help

Question 14

What type of factor is competence?

Answer 14

Personal

Question 15

What is diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 15

Believing that someone else would help- reducing responsibility feeling

Question 16

What type of factor is diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 16

Social

Question 17

What is audience inhibition?

Answer 17

Having the fear of looking foolish or incompetent in front of others so not helping

Question 18

What type of factor is audience inhibition?

Answer 18

Social/situational

Question 19

How does how well we know someone influence helping behaviour?

Answer 19

If we know someone then we are more likely to help them

Question 20

What type of factor is knowing someone?

Answer 20

Situational

Question 21

Why is evidence mixed for how a bad mood may influence helping behaviour?

Answer 21

We may not help as we are more preoccupied with ourselves, however being prosocial may alleviate bad mood

Question 22

What is social influence regarding helping behaviour?

Answer 22

If other onlookers seem to be unworried by the situation then we may be less likely to help

Question 23

What type of factor is social influence?

Answer 23

Social

Question 24

What characterises a personal factor?

Answer 24

What a person brings to the situation

Question 25

What characterises a situational factor?

Answer 25

Things to do with the situation that can't be controlled

Question 26

What characterises a social factor?

Answer 26

How other people influence the reason to help/not

Question 27

5 additional personal factors

Answer 27

1. Feeling guilt 2. Considering self as a 'helpful person' 3. Feeling in control 4. Feeling like the leader 5. Gender

Question 28

Why might feeling like the leader mean that we are more likely to help?

Answer 28

Less diffusion of responsibility

Question 29

3 additional situational factors

Answer 29

1. Number of other bystanders 2. Rural vs city location 3. "Scrooge" effect

Question 30

What 3 things does the bystander effect depend on?

Answer 30

1. Nature of the group (reduced effect for 'connected' groups) 2. Relationship with the victim (effect reduced for kinship) 3. Seriousness of the situation (effect reduced for high-risk situations)

Question 31

What is the "scrooge" effect?

Answer 31

We are more likely to help when confronted about own mortality

Question 32

What does the evolutionary account suggest that we have?

Answer 32

A biological predisposition to help others

Question 33

What is the communicative gene (evolutionary account)?

Answer 33

Programmed to recognise emotional signals + programmed to want social bonds= prosocial behaviour

Question 34

3 pieces of evidence supporting evolutionary accounts

Answer 34

1. Evidence for helping behaviour in animals 2. More likely to help those related to us (kin selection) 3. More likely to help the young than the old

Question 35

What is a problem with biological accounts?

Answer 35

They can't explain all behaviour

Question 36

What is reciprocal altruism?

Answer 36

Helping because this person may help in the future

Question 37

What is the condition needed for reciprocal altruism?

Answer 37

Costs for the helper must be lower than benefits for the recipient

Question 38

What 2 ways can we learn according to social accounts?

Answer 38

Direct and indirect

Question 39

2 direct ways of social learning

Answer 39

Instructions and reinforcements

Question 40

How is behaviour indirectly learnt?

Answer 40

Modelling/vicarious learning

Question 41

What is the reciprocity norm?

Answer 41

A norm to reciprocate behaviour

Question 42

What is the social responsibility norm?

Answer 42

Deciding whether we should help someone in need or not

Question 43

What is an attribution?

Answer 43

Way that we think about ourselves is going to determine whether we want to behave prosocially

Question 44

What is a self-attribution?

Answer 44

Internalising helpful behaviour

Question 45

What is the benefit of a self-attribution?

Answer 45

We can use it as a guide in future situations, and thinking of oneself as a 'helpful person' has greater longevity

Question 46

What is a victim attribution?

Answer 46

Judgment about whether the victim deserved their fate

Question 47

What is the 'just world hypothesis'?

Answer 47

We need to believe that the world is a fair and just place

Question 48

What 2 conditions does helping depend on with a victim attribution?

Answer 48

Belief that: 1- victim is a special case 2- need is temporary, not persistent

Question 49

What is empathy?

Answer 49

Recognising emotional state of others

Question 50

What kind of response does empathy produce?

Answer 50

An arousal response in the self

Question 51

2 consequences of attribution of the state to the other

Answer 51

Empathetic response and prosocial behaviour

Question 52

2 consequences of misattribution of the state

Answer 52

Personal distress and withdrawal

Question 53

What is the bystander-calculus model?

Answer 53

Physiological arousal causes us to label the arousal and we evaluate consequences of helping/not helping

Question 54

Why does the evolutionary account say that we are prosocial?

Answer 54

Survival of kin and reciprocal altruism

Question 55

Why do social accounts say that we are prosocial?

Answer 55

Because we have been told to be, it may be rewarding, social norms dictate it, helps our own egos

Question 56

Why does the bystander-calculus model say we are prosocial?

Answer 56

Benefits outweigh costs

Question 57

What is true empathy-based altruism?

Answer 57

People help even when they are no longer troubled by observing another's suffering

Question 58

Is receiving help always a positive thing?

Answer 58

No

Question 59

What are 5 risks of receiving help?

Answer 59

- Gratitude expected - Threatens self-esteem - Reliance on others - Feeling inferior - Pressure to reciprocate