4- Application to Other Domains Flashcards
Nussabaum’s 7 features of objectification
- Instrumentality
- Denial of autonomy
- Inertness
- Fungibility
- Violability
- Ownership
- Denial of subjectivity
Langton’s 3 features of objectification
- Reduction to body
- Reduction to appearance
- Silencing
Nussabaum’s definition of objectification
Treating someone as an object
How did Langton extend the objectification definition?
To sexual objectification
When does sexual objectification occur?
When people’s body parts, bodies, or sexual functions are separated from their identity
What are people reduced to when sexually objectified?
Sexual instrument status
How are sexually objectified individuals treated?
As bodies existing only for the use and pleasure of others
What does the media often do to women?
Objectifies them
What is Bernard et al’s hypothesis?
Sexualised-body inversion hypothesis
What does the sexualised-body inversion hypothesis believe?
Inverted stimuli picturing humans are more difficult to be recognised than upright ones but objects aren’t affected by inversion
Why should sexualised women be easily recognised as women when presented upright as when inverted?
Sexualised women are perceived as objects so should be processed as objects
What was found when the sexualised-body inversion hypothesis was investigated?
A sexualised woman was more likely seen as a women when inverted but an inverted man was harder to recognise
How were objectified women perceived?
As having less mind and less morality
How were objectified men perceived?
As less competent and moral
What does sexual objectification change?
Perception and treatment
What was found when men associated women with animals or objects?
Higher reported levels of rape proclivity and more negative judgements towards rape victims
How were women perceived when they were portrayed in sexualised ways?
As having less mind and moral concern
What was caused by exposure to objectified portrayal of women?
People were slower in recognising sexual harassment cases and less willingness to help
2 examples of anthropomorphism
Naming my car or talking to the computer
What is a basic definition of anthropomorphism?
Non-human agents tend to be seen as humanlike
What is the official definition of anthropomorphism?
A tendency to imbue real or imagined behaviour of non-human agents with humanlike characteristics, motivators, intentions or emotions
3 processes associated with anthropomorphism
Elicited agent knowledge
Sociality motivation
Effectance motivation
How may elicited agent knowledge cause anthropomorphism?
Similarities with humans and use of “human” knowledge
How may sociality motivation cause anthropomorphism?
Individuals feel lonely and lack in social connection
How may effectance motivation cause anthropomorphism?
Feel a desire to control and master the environment
What is the Uncanny Valley effect?
Anthropomorphism affects our perception and causes feelings of unease, disgust, and negative evaluation
What causes the Uncanny Valley effect?
Too much anthropomorphism threatens our own distinctiveness and how we define our humanness
