6- Sexism Flashcards
What is sexism?
Prejudice or discrimination based on someone’s gender
Who does sexism affect on average?
Disproportionally women and girls
4 factors of gender schema
Masculine & feminine stereotypes
Social perception
Perceived choice & opportunities
Sexism reinforcement
Who came up with gender schema?
Bem
When does gender socialisation start?
From very early on in childhood
What is gender schema?
Cognitive frameworks that shape our beliefs about gender norms
How do gender schemas change as children grow older?
Tend to influence perceptions of the self an others
Who distinguished between old-fashioned sexism and modern sexism?
Swim et al
How did attitudes change in society but not in the domestic setting?
Women were juggling paid work and domestic work
Why might the distinction between old-fashioned and modern sexism be much clearer than the distinction between old-fashioned and modern racism?
Intergroup contact- more likely for genders to interact than races
How is sexism a unique ‘ism’?
Sexism coexists with intimate interdependence on women
What 2 main forces representing gender relations coexist?
- Male dominance
- Intimate interdependence on women
What creates hostile sexism?
Male dominance through creation of competitive gender roles
What creates benevolent sexism?
Intimate interdependence on women creating cooperative gender roles
What does Glick et al believe about sexism?
It is beyond just antipathy toward women
Why do Glick and Fiske say that sexism toward women is usually ambivalent?
It involves not only hostile sexism but also benevolent sexism
How is ambivalent sexism created?
By the coexistence of male dominance in society and intimate interdependence
What is hostile sexism?
Antipathy toward women who are considered manipulative and devious
How are women seen in hostile sexism?
As trying to control men through using their sexuality to get things from men
How does male dominance support hostile sexism?
Characterises women as inferior and incompetent
How is HS in its evaluative tone of women?
Negative
What is hostile sexism also known as?
Misogyny
What was found from Glick et al’s study of hostile sexism?
Men are more hostile than women
What is benevolent sexism?
Subjectively positive view of protection, idealisation and affection directed toward women
How are women seen in benevolent sexism?
As more moral and kinder than men- better suited to roles that complement their caring nature
How is benevolent sexism created?
Relationship- sexual reproduction makes men and women intimate and highly interdependent on each other
How is BS in its evaluative tone of women?
Positive
What did Glick et al’s study of benevolent sexism find?
Women and men are equally benevolent
What are correlations like between BS and HS in men and women?
High and positive
What do hostile and benevolent sexism seem to be related to?
Gender empowerment measure- women’s participation in society
What might benevolent system serve to justify?
Gender inequality
What is system justification?
A psychological motivation to defend, justify, and uphold existing social, economic, and political systems, even at the expense of personal or group interests
What was Jost & Kay’s research question?
Do BS and complementary gender stereotypes serve to justify inequality?
What was Jost & Kay’s hypothesis
Participants exposed to benevolent or communal stereotypes of women- show increased support for the status quo compared to control
How may Jost & Kay’s study be criticised?
Could be argued that they looked at American society generally, not female subordination
4 things that BS could be linked to justification of
Hostile sexism
Women’s reproductive rights
Rape victim blaming
Domestic violence
What does research support?
That both hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes serve to justify unequal gender relations
How might sexism create a vicious cycle?
More hostility women face from men, more motivated they are to accept BS, relying on members of the dominant group to protect them
