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CPR Exam 1 > 9. Heart Development > Flashcards

9. Heart Development Flashcards

1
Q

Where does hematopoiesis begin?

A

Yolk sac (extra-embryonic splanchnic mesoderm):

begins Day 17

-form early RBC and macrophages, blood islands & early BVs

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2
Q

By day 23, what structure do early hematopoietic cells populate?

A

Liver

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3
Q

What is the significance of the aortic-gonadal-mesonephric (AGM) region?

A

Where definitive hematopoietic stem cells are programmed in liver (appear around day 27)

-eventually will seed the liver (day 30) to give rise to proper RBC and WBC

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4
Q

After the liver programs proper RBC and WBC, what structures do these cells populate?

A

Lymph organs & Bone marrow

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5
Q

Is intraembryonic vasculogenesis coupled with hematopoiesis?

what is vasculogenesis

A

No

= development of new vessels directly from mesenchyme

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6
Q

With intraembryonic vasculogenesis, what do some of the splanchnopleuric mesoderm differentiate into?

A

Endothelial precursor cells (aka angioblasts)

starting at day 18

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7
Q

What is the function of angioblasts?

A

1) Continue to proliferate as EPC
2) Angiogenesis: make new blood vessels

3) Intussusception: splitting of blood vessels

4) Recruitment of new mesodermal cells into walls of existing vessels

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8
Q

What are angiomas?

what are the types

A

Abnormal blood vessels and lymphatic capillary growth via vasculogenesis

  1. capillary hemangioma: excess growth of small cap network
  2. cavernous hemangioma: excess froth of venous sinuses
  3. hemangiomas: benign tumors mostly made of endothelial cells
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9
Q

what is the cardiac crest?

A

part of 1st heart field

= cardiogenic precursor cells that differentiate & organize into 2 endocardial tubes that have splanchnic mesoderm on the sides–> tubes = pericardiomyocytes

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10
Q

Which structures do angiogenic clusters give rise to?

A

clusters found in lateral plate splanchnic layer mesoderm

form 2 endocardial tubes –> which converge during lateral body folding to form one tube

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11
Q

From where does the primitive tubular heart dangle from?

A

Dorsal mesocardium

develops much of epicardium

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12
Q

Why does the dorsal mesocardium eventually have to rupture?

A

To allow the heart to loop into S shape

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13
Q

What happens to the remnants of dorsal mesocardium?

A

Forms the proepicardial organ

-epicardium that covers simple tubular heart

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14
Q

What is the sinus venosus?

A

Where the inflow of primitive blood confluence

fluid into RA

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15
Q

What does the primitive ventricle give rise to?

A

Left Ventricle

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16
Q

What does the outflow tract give rise to?

A

Right Ventricle

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17
Q

What happens to the atrium when cardiac looping begins?

A

Moves cranially and dorsally

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18
Q

What is the function of the conus arteriosus?

A

Proximal outflow of both ventricles

-Is divided so blood from LV and RV go out different vessels

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19
Q

What is the function of truncus arteriosus?

A

Distal outflow tract

become Aorta & Pulmonary Trunk

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20
Q

Describe the why the second heart field is initially inhibited

A

Initially inhibited due to its proximity to notochord

After body folding, it is farther away and can start proliferating by adding cells to both ends of the primitive heart tube

-drives cardiac looping

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21
Q

What is the role of neural crest cells in terms of cardiac looping?

A

-Regulates FGF 8 and drives growth of cells in primitive heart

= important role in regulating cardiac looping

Maintains cardiogenic mesoderm proliferation and proper myocardial cell specification within the second heart field

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22
Q

What is ventricular inversion?

A

Reverse cardiac looping –> right-sided left ventricle

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23
Q

What is heterotaxia & what are the two types?

A

Any abnormal left-right development of either some or all organs

Situs inversus: total reversal

Situs ambiguous: partial reversal (visceroatrial heteroataxia)

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24
Q

What is visceroatrial heterotaxia?

A
  • heart and GI tract are asymmetrically arranged from one another
  • right-sided heart with normal GI tract
  • left-sided heart with right-sided GI tract *

*Causes problems with inflow and outflow tract development and can be life threatening

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25
Q

What are the branches of the sinus horns?

A

Umbilical Vein

Vitelline Vein

Common Cardinal Vein

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26
Q

How do the right and left atria begin to form?

A

expansion of the atrium–> shift of the left sinus venosus and left horn

–> causes a net shift in the amount of blood returning to the right side of the common atrium

27
Q

What does the left sinus horn eventually become?

A

Coronary sinus

28
Q

What does the right vitelline vein become?

A

Inferior Vena Cava

29
Q

What does the right common cardinal vein become?

A

Superior Vena Cava

30
Q

Where is the smooth part of the right atrium wall from?

A

Sinus venosum

31
Q

Where is the rough part of the right atrium wall from?

A

Primitive atrium

32
Q

What does differential growth form?

A

Muscular interventricular septum: separates ventricles

Muscular Atrial septum: separates atria

33
Q

What does endocardial cushion tissue do?

A

Induce formation of mesenchymal cells to close off openings

-produce AV septum

34
Q

How do endocardial cushion tissues work?

A

Myocardium produces ECM that sucks up water, causing it to swell.

Endocardium is pushed into lumen and the cells start to delaminate, filling in the lumen.

35
Q

Where are endocardial cushion tissues found?

A

Between atria and ventricles

Between ventricles and outflow tract

36
Q

What is a persistent AV canal?

A

Failure of the AV septum (superior and inferior cushions) to fuse

-all 4 chambers communicate

=abnormal or agenesis of AV valves

= pul HTN, exercise intolerance, SOB, cardiac congestion, increased risk of endocarditis

-*linked with Downs syndrome

37
Q

Describe septum primum and secundum

A

1) Septum primum - near AV septum - hole, ostium primum.
2) Ostium primum is replaced by foramen secundum, which is much higher up.
3) . Eventually, septum secundum will overlap foramen secundum and has its own hole - foramen ovale.

38
Q

What is the purpose of all the holes (e.g. osteum primum, foramen secundum, foramen ovale)?

A

Oxygenated blood from umbilical vein can bypass the lungs and pulmonary trunk and enter systemic circulation (blood from RA to LA)

39
Q

What is another structure that allows oxygenated blood to bypass lungs and pulmonary trunk to enter systemic circulation?

A

Ductus arteriosus

40
Q

What can cause some atrial septal defects?

A

1) Too much resorption of septum primum that cannot be covered by septum secundum
2) Absence of septum secundum
3) Ostium primum never covered from due to failure of up-growth of AV cushion tissue from AV septum

W >M

41
Q

What is cyanosis?

A

Low levels of oxygen saturation in blood from mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood

can lead to blue skin

42
Q

How does the AV canal shift?

A

Myocardialization: outer myocardial wall is thinned and replaced by cushion cells

43
Q

What can happen after the AV canal shifts?

A

Separation of right and left ventricle

44
Q

What is double outlet right syndrome?

A

Both aorta and pulmonary artery exit via RV bc insufficient shifting of AV septum or issues with cardiac looping –>cyanotic

breathlessness, murmur, poor weight gain

45
Q

What structures does neural crest cells contribute to?

A

Aortic-pulmonary septum

Semilunar valve

46
Q

Describe ventricular septal defects.

A

Improper closure of ventricular septum

  • starts acyanotic (left to right shunt)
  • right ventricle hypertrophies due to increased workload
  • becomes cyanotic after birth (right to left shunt)
47
Q

Describe persistent truncus arteriosus.

A

Outflow tracts not divided btn the two ventricles bc conal truncal ridges dont form

  • mixing of oxygenated and de-oxygenated blood
  • will have VSD
  • cyanotic
48
Q

Describe tetralogy of fallout.

A

Unequal division of pulmonary trunk and aorta

  1. VSD
  2. Pulmonary infundibular stenosis
  3. Overriding aorta
  4. RV hypertrophy (bc pul A very small)

-cyanotic

49
Q

Describe transposition of great vessels.

A

Pulmonary artery is connected to left ventricle while aorta is connected to right ventricle

  • due to improper spiraling of conal truncal ridges
  • cyanotic
50
Q

Describe pulmonary valvular atresia.

A

no opening to pul A –> underdevelop RV (hypoplasia)

Foramen ovale only way for blood to reach left side

if there is VSD, mixing of blood can give patient chance to live

51
Q

Describe aortic valvular stenosis.

A

Heart’s aortic valve narrows

LV hypertrophy –> cardiac failure & pul HTN

M > F

congenital, pathological, degenerative

52
Q

Describe aortic valvular atresia.

A

Congenital absence of aortic valve

  • LV hypoplasia
  • RV hypertrophy

patent ductus arteriosus & ASD

53
Q

Describe bicuspid aortic valve.

A

Aortic valve 2 leaflets instead of 3 –> regurgitation of blood

  • initial asymptomatic but can lead to LV hypertrophy
  • can cause stenosis of aortic valve (associated w/ development of aortic aneurysm)
  • can be inheritable
54
Q

Describe tricuspid atresia.

A

Tricuspid valve missing or abnormally developed, –> improper blood flow btn RA & RV

patent foramen ovale, RV hypoplasia, VSD & patent ductus arteriosus

55
Q

Describe a hypoplastic left ventricle.

A

Underdeveloped left side of heart along w/ abnormal bicuspid and aortic valves

–>underdeveloped ascending aorta

patent ductus arteriosus & patent foramen ovale (or ASD)

-right ventricle is doing all the work (univentricular)

56
Q

Which structures do hemangioblasts give rise to?

A

primitive hematopoietic stem cell and endothelial precursor cells

57
Q

what is the primary fxn of the hemangioblasts

A

meet the immediate needs for blood cells

58
Q

Which vessels are responsible for inflow of blood into the primitive heart?

A

common cardinal, vitelline, and umbilical veins

59
Q

how are definitive hematopoietic stem cells programmed

A

hemogenic endothelial cells in AGM break off from doral aorta and seed liver

-interaction takes place –> program these cells

60
Q

Which organ is primarily responsible for producing blood cells in development?

A

liver via hematopoietic precursor cells

61
Q

which structure gives rise to myocardium

A

splanchnic mesoderm

62
Q

which germ layer gives rise to the valves of the heart

A

endocardium from the intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

63
Q

which germ layer give rise to the conotruncal ridges in outflow tract

A

endocardial (intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm)

NCC (ectoderm)

CPR Exam 1 (27 decks)

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