1. Thoracic, Osteology, Arthrology & Myology Flashcards
What separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
thoracic diaphragm
what are the two openings of the thorax
superior and inferior thoracic aperatures
what does the sup thoracic aperature contain
trachea, esophagus, Ns & vessels that drain the head, neck & UE
what are the boundaries for the sup. thoracic aperature
T1 vertebral segment, paired 1st rib to superior part of manubrium of sternum
what does the inf thoracic aperature contain
esophagus, inf. vena cava, descending aorta
what are the boundaries for the inf. thoracic aperature
T12 vertebral segment, 11-12 ribs, 7-10 costal cartilages & xiphisternal joint
what are the 3 spaces of the thoracic cavity? &what do they contain
lateral- 2 pulmonary cavities : contain lungs and pleura
central: mediastinum: heart, thoracic great vessels, trachea, thoracic esophagus & thymus
what bones make up the thoracic cavity
thoracic vertebrae
sternum
ribs
what are features of the manubrium of the sternum?
= superior part of sternum
- suprasternal notch (top border)
- sternal angle (of louis) = jxn of manubrium & body
- clavicular notch: contact sternal end of clavicle
- costal notches - 1 & half of 2
what are features of body of the sternum
long & narrow
- xiphoid/sternal joint = jxn of body w/ xiphoid process
- costal notches: half of 2, 3-6 & half of 7
what is the xiphoid process of the sternum
most inf part contains costal notch for half of 7
how do the ribs articulate with the sternum
NOT DIRECTLY - use costal cartilage inbtn
which ribs are typical ribs & what does that mean
1-7 (aka vertebrocostal) attach directly from vertebral segment to sternum with its own costal cartilage
which ribs are false ribs? What does that mean
8-10 (aka vertebrochondral) attach from vertebral segment to costal cartilage above the segment
what are floating ribs
11-12 (aka vertebral) do NOT attach sternum at all
what are parts of a typical rib?
what are its respective fxns?
- head: articulate with T-vertebrae via sup & inf articular facet (both facets connected via crest of head)
- neck: btn head and tubercle
- tubercle: articulate with transverse process of T-vertebrae
- costal angle: anterolateral turning point
- costal groove: house intercostal Ns & vessels
what are the atypical ribs?
1, 2, 10-12
what are characteristics of the 1st rib
broad, flat & wide
- head, neck, tubercle & body
- superior surface:
- scalene tubercle (insertion of ant. scalene M)
- grooves for subclavian A & V (V = ant)
what are characteristics of the 2nd rib
head, neck, tubercle & body
& also: tuberosity of serratus anterior M. (= insertion point)
what are characterisitcs of ribs 10-12
10-12 = one facet on each head
11-12- no tubercle, no neck
what are the various possibilities of rib fractures
complete break or pierce lung tissue
most common = middle ribs
can damage internal organs - leading to pain w/ respiration, coughing, laughing & sneezing
what is a supernumerary rib?
extra rib in cervical or lumbar region
in cervical region: costotransverse bar too large and compromise vessels to UE ==> Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
what is costal cartilage
connect ant portion of rib to sternum
1-7 - individually connect
8-10: connect to costal cartilage one segment above before connecting to sternum
which ligament attaches to the tubercle of a rib
costotransverse L.
What are the types of synovial joints?
plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket, & compound
What are the types of fibrous joints?
sutures, schindylesis, gomphosis, syndesmosis
What are the types of cartilagenous joints?
synchondrosis, symphysis
what are synchondrosis joints
primary cartilaginous joint
= usually temp - union of hyaline cartilage (btn diaphysis & epiphysis of growing bone)
! some can be permenant !
what are symphysis joints
strong and slightly moveable joints
united by fibrocartilage
which joints are classified as syMphysIs joints
- manubriosternal
- intervertebral joint
which joints are classified as synchondrosis joints
- xiphisternal
- 1st sternocostal joint
- costochondral joints
which joints are classified as planar synovial joints
- 2nd-7th sternocostal joints
- costovertebral joints
- costotransverse joints
- interchondral joints (6-9)
what type of joint is the manubriosternal joint
symphysis
@ sternal angle & 2nd costal notch
what kind of joint is the xiphisternal joint
synchondrosis
@ 7th costal notch
what do anterior and posterior radiate sternocostal Ls do
attach costal cartilage & radiate out to sternum
all sternocostal joints
what type of joint is the 1st sternocostal joint
synchondrosis
what kind of joint is the 2nd-7th sternocostal joints
planar synovial
what kind of joint is the costovertebral joint
planar synovial
how do the ribs articulate with vertebral segments
head of rib articulate with
- superior costal facet of same numbered segment
- inferior costal facet of one segment above
articulating facet of costal tubercle: same number T-vertebra
which ligments help the costovertebral joints
radiate L: head of rib to vertebral body
intraarticular L: crest of head of rib to IV disc
what type of joint is a costotransverse joint
planar synovial
(transverse process to rib)
what two ligaments help the costotransverse joint
superior costotransverse L: neck of rib to transverse process one above
lateral costotransverse L: tubcle of rib to transverse process and same segment
What is the purpose of the bucket handle movement and pump handle movement?
increase thoracic volume –> decreasing thoracic pressure –> inspiration
[up/out -> increase volume
down -> decrease volume]
What is the bucket handle movement
elevation of LATERAL portion of rib –> increase transverse diameter of thorax
-move up and down
what is the pump handle movement
elevation of STERNAL end of rib –> increase ant to post diameter of thorax
-move ant/post and slightly up/down
what kind of joint is the costochondral joint
synchondrosis
what is the difference btn a dislocation and seperation of rib
dislocation = at sternocostal joint
seperation = at costochondral joint
what type of joints are the interchondral joints?
planar synovial : 6/7, 7/8, 8/9
fibrous joint: 9/10
what are the T-vertebral joints & what are they classified as
intervertebral joint: symphysis
zygapophyseal joint: planar synovial
What is the function of the interchondral L?
strengthen interchondral joint
What are the ligaments of the thoracic spine?
- anterior and posterior longitudinal L
- ligamentum flavum
- interspinous L
- intertransverse L
- supraspinous L
What are all of the thoracic muscles innervated by?
intercostal N
what are the 3 types of intercostal ms
- external intercostal M
- internal intercostal M
- innermost intercostal M
What is the origin and insertion of the external, internal and innermost intercostal Ms?
- Inferior border of ribs; 2. Superior border of rib below
- external: 1 -post & 2- ant
- internal: 1- ant & 2- post
what is the fxn of the external intercostal M
elevate ribs
what is the fxn of the internal intercostal M & transverse thoracic M
depress ribs
what do the external and internal intercostal Ms turn into
external –> anterior intercostal mem & inferiorly - continous w/ external abd oblique Ms
internal –> posterior intercostal mem & inferiorly - continous with internal abd oblique Ms
What separates the internal and innermost intercostal Ms?
intercostal N and vessels
what is thoracentisis
insertion of hypodermic needle thru intercostal Ms to obtain fluid/drain small amount blood/fluid from pleural cavity
insert BTN RIBS! bc dont want to his neurovascular bundles (proper @ inf part of rib above & collaterals @ sup part of rib below)
Where is a chest tube inserted? Why do you insert a chest tube
commonly in 5th or 6th intercostal space
remove large amounts of air, fluid, blood or pus from pleural cavity
What is a thoroscopy?
insertion of thoroscope in pleural cavity for visualizing and biopsying space inside pleural cavity
What is the origin and insertion of the transverse thoracic m?
O: posterior surface of lower sternal body and xiphoid process;
I: internal surface of the 2nd - 6th costal cartilages
What is the origin and insertion of the subcostal m?
O: inferior border of rib
I: superior border of rib
M across more than 1 rib space
