8.9 Hydrocarbon Derivaatives and Synthesis Flashcards
where is the carbon in a carbonyl functional group of an aldehyde located
The carbon, in the carbonyl functional group of an aldehyde, is always located at the beginning of the carbon chain. The simplest aldehyde, methanal, contains only one carbon, the carbon that is contained within the carbonyl group.
what do the names of all aldehydes end in
the names of all aldehydes end in ¨al.¨
what is the general form of an aldehyde
the general form of an aldehyde is a carbon, double bonded to an oxygen, bonded to a hydrogen, and bonded to an R group (either another Hydrogen or a carbon chain)
what is the simplest aldehyde
methanal aka formaldehyde, R group is a hydrogen, a compound that was once used to preserve biological specimens, though is now though to be toxic
how do aldehydes smell
The smaller aldehydes tend to have strong irritating odours, but the longer chained aldehydes have pleasant odours and are commonly used in making perfume.
what is a ketone
An ketone is an aldehyde that is bonded to two R groups, along with double bonded to oxygen. the R groups can be the same or different
what determines the names of ketone
The names of all ketones end in “one”, which is pronounced like “own”. The names of ketones are based on the number of carbon atoms in the chain and which carbon atom the oxygen is connected to.
what is the simplest ketone
In the simplest ketone, propanone, a methyl group (CH3) replaces both the R and the R. An alternate name for this ketone is “dimethyl ketone”, based on the fact that a methyl group is attached to each side of the carbonyl group. This compound is commonly called “acetone”. It is used as a solvent in organic chemistry labs and is the active ingredient in a common type of nail polish remover
what are ethers
All ethers contain two carbon chains joined through an oxygen atom
how do you name ethers
Ethers can be named by listing the carbon chains or alkyl groups on both sides of the oxygen atom follow by etherorby giving the shortest carbon chain the suffix “oxy” followed by the name for the longer parent chain
what is a common ether
A common example of an ether is diethyl ether or ethoxyethane which is made when two ethanol molecules join together. Ethoxyethane is also known as hospital ether as it was commonly, but no longer, used as anesthetic.
what functional group identifies organic acids
The functional group that identifies organic acids, or carboxylic acids, is the carboxyl group. As the name indicates, the carboxyl group contains a carbon atom and oxygen atoms. It is a carbon, with a double bond to one oxygen, and bond to the R group, and a bond to an oxygen (which is itself bonded to a hydrogen)
where are carbonyl groups found
carbonyl groups are found at the end of a carbon chain
what is the simplest carbonyl
methanoic acid is the simplest carbonyl, and has a single hydrogen as the R group. it is is also called formic acid and it is found in the sting of ants, wasps, and other insects. The body’s reaction to the methanoic acid is what causes the swelling.
what is acetic acid
Ethanoic acid is a carbonyl group bonded to an ethyl group, it is also called acetic acid and makes up about 5% of table vinegar. Like the aldehyde group, the carboxyl acid group is found only at the end of the carbon chain.
what do carboxyl groups act as
The carboxyl group acts as an acid. Acids, of course, release hydrogen ions (H+). Hence, the carboxyl group must lose its hydrogen atom.
how are esters produced
Esters are produced by the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Consider ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) and methanol (CH3OH).The H of the acid combines with the OH of the alcohol to form a molecule of water, and the other two parts then join to produce the ester.
how do you name esters
To name an ester identify the ends that originated from the carboxylic acid and alcohol. The carboxylic acid end will contain the double bonded oxygen and the alcohol end should be a carbon chain on one side of the oxygen atom in the main chain. Treat this alcohol derived carbon chain as a substituent group when naming so it goes first. The carboxylic acid derived chain is the parent that is named last and is given an “oate” ending
what are amides
Amides include a carbonyl group bonded to a nitrogen atom. The name of an amide ends in ¨amide¨ - the ¨e¨ of the alkane name is dropped. Ethanamide is a common amide. amide linkages are also called peptide bonds when between proteins. Amines are made up of one or more carbon groups or chains bonded to a nitrogen atom.
how do you name amides
To name an amine using the common name, the substituent group names for the carbon chains attached to the nitrogen are listed in alphabetical order.
where are amides often found
Amines are often found in plants are called alkaloids and are used in medicine as painkillers. Synthetic amines are preferred for medical use as they can be prepared in pure form. Amines, both natural (opium) and synthetic, are highly addictive.
what are some characteristics of amides
Amines are polar molecules and dissolve well in water. Amines often have strong and irritable odours.
what are the two ways polymers can form
Polymers may form in two different ways:
- by adding together similar units
- by combining different units with the loss of a water molecule at each joint.
what is polyethylene
if one of the two bonds in an Ethene molecule breaks (which can happen easily) then both carbon can bond to one additional molecule, if two such Ethene come in contact, they can bond together, this can happen many times until a long chain is created, called a polyethylene.
what are other polymers
Other synthetic polymers are nylon, saran, orlon, lucite, acrylic, and bakelite. Natural polymers include proteins, starch, and cellulose. Addition polymers are generally formed from identical unsaturated monomers. Ethylene, Polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyfluoroethene (Teflon)
how are condensation polymers formed
Condensation polymers are formed from two different molecules. Each molecule has a substituted group at each end.
how might a condensation polymer form
For example, we may have a dicarboxylic acid and a di-alcohol
The polymerization process is similar to the formation of an ester except that it happens at both ends of both molecules.
The H and OH split off and form water and the other two parts join up.
This process is now repeated with a di-alcohol molecule at A on the left and a dicarboxylic acid molecule at B on the right.
This goes on until a very long molecule, a polymer, is formed. A molecule with two amino groups (NH2) is also capable of forming a condensation polymer with a dicarboxylic acid. Such polymers are called polyamides. Nylon is a polyamide. It is made from hexandioic acid and 1,6-diaminohexane.
More of these monoamides join to form long molecules of nylon. The resulting polyamide is melted and extruded through tiny holes to produce fine threads of nylon.
How do you name aldehydes
name of carbon chain, ending in “al” example methanal
how do you name ketones
name of carbon chain, ending in “one” example propanone
how do you name ethers
either list carbon chains then ether ex diethyl ether
or short chain name, oxy, long chain name ex ethoxyethane
how do you name carboxylic acids
carbon chain name, ending in “oic acid” ex methanoic acid
how do you name esters
identify the ends that came from the carboxylic acid and the alcohol, treat the end that came from the alcohol as a substitution group, and the end from the acid as the parent group, ending in oate
ex Methyl Ethanoate
how do name amides
carbon chain ending in amide, including the carbon of the amide
how do you name amines
the substituent group names for the carbon chains attached to the nitrogen are listed in alphabetical order
