8.8 Drawing and Naming Alcohols

Question 1

what are alcohols

Answer 1

Alcohols are formed when one hydrogen from an alkane is substituted for by a hydroxyl or -OH group.

Question 2

what is the root name of an alcohol

Answer 2

the alcohols are named bydropping the final “e”of the alkane name and adding “ol”: propane, propanol.

Question 3

what is methanol

Answer 3

Methanol (also called methyl alcohol, methylated spirits, or wood alcohol) is the main reactant used in the manufacturing of many important organic compounds. It is also widely used as a solvent for lacquers, varnishes, shellacs, and polishes. Methanol is very poisonous. Drinking methanol can cause blindness and even death.

Question 4

what is ethanol

Answer 4

Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol) is the alcohol base of alcoholic beverages. For this purpose it is made by the fermentation of sugar from various plants. The type of plant and the conditions of fermentation determine the type of beverage produced – beer, wine, vodka, gin, etc. In fermentation, bacteria, yeasts, or moulds act on sugar and break it down into ethanol and carbon dioxide: C6H12O6(sugar) → 2 C2H5OH (ethanol) + 2 CO2

Used in industry as a solvent and in the synthesis of many organic compounds. Ethanol for industrial purposes is often made unfit for human consumption by adding a denaturant, such as methanol. Denatured alcohol is deliberately poisonous so that people will not ingest an industrial chemical.

Question 5

what are the isomers of alcohols

Answer 5

The isomers of alcohols depend on where the hydroxyl group is. 2-propanol has it on the second carbon, 1-propanol has it on the first, etc

Question 6

what are primary alcohols

Answer 6

A primary alcohol is one in which the carbon having the OH group is bonded to only one other carbon atom ex 1-butanol

Question 7

what are secondary alcohols

Answer 7

In a secondary alcohol the carbon to which the hydroxyl group is attached is also bound to two other carbon atoms. ex 2-butanol

Question 8

what are tertiary alcohols

Answer 8

in a tertiary alcohol, the carbon which holds the hydroxyl group is bonded to three other carbon groups. ex 2-methyl-2-propanol

Question 9

what are the two parts of an alcohol

Answer 9

The OH group is what makes the compound an alcohol. It is called a functional group. The rest of the molecule, the part to which the OH is attached, is called the parent group

Question 10

what are the 3 differences in naming alcohols

Answer 10

The biggest differences in naming alcohols are:

1. The hydroxyl functional group (OH) is not treated as a substitution group as all alcohols have one. The final “e” of the suffix “-ane” is replaceed by “-ol” to indicate the presence of an OH group and at the same time indicate the compound is an alcohol.
2. The carbons are always numbered in the direction in which the carbon holding the OH group has the smallest possible number.
3. The carbon on which the hydroxyl group is located must always be identified in the name.

Question 11

what are the simplest alcohols

Answer 11

CH3OH
methanol

CH3CH2OH
ethanol

CH3CH2CH2OH
1-propanol

CH3OHCHCH3
2-propanol

Question 12

how do you name alcohols

Answer 12

to name alcohols,

1. Determine the parent chain. The parent chain must be the longest that includes the carbon holding the OH group.
2. Number according to the end closest to the -OH group regardless of where alkyl substituents are.
3. The format is as follows: (location of branch)-(branch name)-(location of OH group)-(parent chain)
4. Change the parent chain -e ending and replace it with an -ol.

Question 13

what is the difference in naming alcohols with multiple OH groups

Answer 13

Alcohols containing more than one hydroxyl group are also called polyalcohols. Polyalcohols are named similarly to alcohols, with the exception of the prefix di-, tri-, etc before the -ol ending.