8.4 Flashcards
Define codon.
A, U, G, and C bases that code for amino acids, found in mRNA.
Define anticodon.
Match with specific codons, found in tRNA.
Define translation.
The process where RNA is used to make proteins.
What is the start codon?
Methionine, with the codon AUG, is the start codon, it signals where translating is supposed to begin.
What are the stop codons?
UGA, UAG, and UAA are the stop codons, they show where translation to stop.
Define mutation.
An abnormal change in the bases of DNA.
What does mRNA do in translation?
It codes for which amino acids should go where to build the protein.
What does tRNA do in translation?
It brings the amino acids to the mRNA so the rRNA can attach them to make the protein.
What does rRNA do in translation?
rRNA builds the protein using the amino acids.
What are point mutations and what do the different types do?
Point mutations are where some of the bases got swapped in DNA. Silent mutations do not affect the amino acid sequence, because they are in the introns, are in the regulatory areas, or are at the end of a redundant codon. Missense mutations replace one amino acid for another, affecting the amino acid sequence, usually making the gene very detrimental in humans. Nonsense mutations change a codon to become a stop codon where it should have continued, they prevent the mRNA from being translated correctly.
What are frameshift mutations and what do they affect?
Frameshift mutations are insertion and deletion, where an extra base is added or a necessary one is taken away, both change the reading frame for protein-building and severely affect what protein will be made.
What mutation is
AUGAAAAAAAAAAAAUAA
–>
AUGGAAAAAAAAAAAAUAA?
Insertion.
What mutation is
AUGGAAAAAAAAAAAAUAA
–>
AUGGCAAAAAAAAAAAUAA?
Missense.
Translate this into tRNA then amino acids
AUGAAAAAAAAAAAAUAA.
UACUUUUUUUUUUUUAUU
Met, Lys, Lys, Lys, Lys, Stop.
