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Biology AS > 8.1 Transport systems in multicellular animals > Flashcards

8.1 Transport systems in multicellular animals Flashcards

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1
Q

What 5 processes in prokaryotes [Single-Celled Organisms] can supply everything the cell needs to import and export?

A 
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
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2
Q

What happens to the distance between the cells and the outside of the body as organisms gets bigger?

A

It increases

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3
Q

Why are specialised transport systems needed in larger organisms? (5 reasons)

A
  • To meet high metabolic demands; diffusion over long distances is not enough to supply required quantities
  • To combat surface area:volume (SA:V) decrease / organism size increase
  • Hormones/enzyme transportation
  • To transport digested food in one organ system to every cell for use of respiration and other aspects of cell membrane
  • Removal of metabolic waste products from cells to excretory organs
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4
Q

What do circulatory systems carry around the body?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste products and hormones.

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5
Q

What do most circulatory systems have in common? (3 similarities)

A
  • liquid transport medium (blood/haemolymph)
  • vessels that carry transport medium
  • pumping mechanism to move fluid around the system
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6
Q

In what way is the transport medium held and pumped in an [Open Circulatory System]?

A
  • few vessels to carry transport medium; pumped from heart to body
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7
Q

What is the open body cavity called in the [Open Circulatory System]?

A

The haemocoel

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8
Q

Describe how transport medium is transported (pressure) in the haemocoel?

A

Under low pressure

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9
Q

How does [Open Circulatory System] transport medium around?

A

A few vessels contain the medium and the medium is pumped straight from the heart into the body cavity (haemocoel) of the animal

In the haemocoel the transport medium is under low pressure and they get into direct contact with the
tissues and the cells. Were exchange takes place between the transport median and the cells

The transport median returns to the heart through an open-ended vessels

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10
Q

In what group of species are open-ended circulatory systems found?

A

Invertebrate animals (inc. insects, molluscs)

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11
Q

In insects, in what system does gas exchange take

place in?

A

The tracheal system

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12
Q

What is insect blood known as?

A

Haemolymph

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13
Q

What components are carried and not carried by the haemolymph?

A
  • Does carry;
    a) food
    b) nitrogenous waste products
    c) cells involved in defence against disease
  • Does not carry;
    a) oxygen
    b) carbon dioxide
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14
Q

What is the body cavity (haemocoel) split by?

A

A membrane

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15
Q

Where does the heart extend along in insects?

A

The length of the thorax and the abdomen

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16
Q

Haemolymph circulates, but what cannot be maintained in terms of diffusion?

A

A steep diffusion gradient for effective diffusion

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17
Q

In regards to the haemolymph, what cannot be varied to meet changing demands?

A

The amount of haemolymph

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18
Q

Where is blood enclosed in closed circulatory systems?

A

Blood vessels

19
Q

True/False - blood comes into direct contact with cells of the body in a closed circulatory system

A

False

20
Q

In a closed circulatory system, is the blood pumped under pressure at a relatively quick pace? (Yes/No)

A

Yes

21
Q

In a closed circulatory system, how do substances leave and enter the blood?

A

By diffusion through the walls of the blood vessels

22
Q

How can the amount of blood flowing to a particular tissue be adjusted in a closed circulatory system?

A

By widening or narrowing blood vessels

23
Q

In most closed circulatory systems, what does the blood contain that carries the respiratory gases?

A

A blood pigment

24
Q

What species tend to have a [Closed Circulatory System]?

A

Many different animal phyla, including;

  • echinoderms (sea urchins, starfish)
  • cephalopod molluscs (octopods, squid)
  • annelid worms (common earthworm)
  • all vertebrate groups (mammals)
25
Q

Where are [Single Closed circulatory Systems] commonly found?

A

Fish and annelid worms

26
Q

In single closed circulatory systems, how many sets of capillaries does blood pass through before it returns to the heart?

A

Two

27
Q

In single closed circulatory systems, with regards to blood passing through the first capillaries, what gases are exchanged?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

28
Q

In single closed circulatory systems, with regards to the second set of capillaries that blood passes through, where are substances exchanged?

A

Within different organ systems - between the blood and the cells

29
Q

What effect does blood passing through two sets of very narrow vessels in single closed circulatory systems have on the rate blood is pumped back to the heart?

A

Blood pressure drops considerably in the system; blood returns to the heart quite slowly

30
Q

In single closed circulatory systems, how do the activity levels of animals tend to be quite low?

A

Blood pumps back to the heart slowly, so the efficiency of exchange processes is limited

31
Q

In single closed circulatory systems, which set of animals tend to deviate from being relatively unactive?

A

Fish - they have a relatively efficient single closed circulatory system, meaning they can be very active

32
Q

What features do fish have that allow them to be active and combats them having a single closed circulatory system?

A

Body weight supported by the water and do not maintain their own body temperature allows them to reduce metabolic demands

Have an efficient gaseous exchange system, allows fish to be so active.

A counter-current gaseous exchange system in their gills, so that they can take up a lot of oxygen from the water

{This allows them to be active with a Single Closed Circulatory System}

33
Q

What positive attributes do organisms with Double Closed Circulatory systems maintain?

A
  • Relatively high activity

- Self-maintenance of body temperature

34
Q

Which transport system is the most efficient for transporting substances around the body? And why?

A

Double closed circulatory system
|
|
—-> This is because it allows animals to maintain there own body temperature

35
Q

What happens in the Double Closed Circulatory System (how does blood travel)?

A

Blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs to pick up oxygen and unload carbon dioxide - it then returns to the heart.

Blood flows through the heart and is pumped out to travel all around the body before returning to the heart again.

36
Q

In a [Double Closed Circulatory system] - how can relatively high blood pressure and fast flow of blood be maintained?

A

By allowing in each circuit - blood to only pass through one capillary network, which means a relative high pressure

37
Q

In [Single Closed Circulatory System] - How does blood travel through the body and how are substances exchanged?

A

In Single Closed Circulatory System - the blood passes through two sets of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) before it returns to the heart:

(In the 1st set of capillaries) There is an exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

(In the 2nd set of capillaries) In different organ systems, substances are exchanged between blood and cells. As a result, passing through the two sets of very narrow vessels, the blood pressure in the system drops considerably so the blood returns to the heart quite slowly

{Blood flows through the heart once}

38
Q

What are the limitation with animals having a single closed circulatory system?

A

Due to blood being slow to move back to the heart - this limits there efficiency of the exchange processes so the activity levels of animals with single - celled circulatory

39
Q

What is the mass transport system?

A

Is the system when substances are transported in a mass of fluid with a mechanism for moving the fluid around the body

40
Q

What are the two types of circulation systems that can be found in multi-cellular organisms?

A

Open Circulatory System

Closed Circulatory System

41
Q

Why would multi-cellular organisms not be able to survive without specialised transport systems?

A

This is because diffusion alone would be too slow that the organism would not be able to survive

42
Q

Why do organisms need “transport systems”?

A

So that they can supply oxygen and nutrients to the sites, where they are needed and remove waste products from individual cells.

43
Q

What are the types of circulatory systems?

A

Open Circulatory System

Closed Circulatory System

Single Closed Circulatory System

Double Closed Circulatory System

Biology AS (148 decks)

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