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Biology AS > 12.2 Animal and Plant Diseases > Flashcards

12.2 Animal and Plant Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 common plant diseases?

A

Ring rot
Potato blight
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Black Sigatoka

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2
Q

What is ring rot?

A

A bacterial disease of potatoes, tomatoes and aubergines, caused by Gram-positive bacteria.

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3
Q

What damage does ring rot cause?

A

Ring rot damages leaves, tubers and fruit.

Ring rot can destroy 80% of a field and there’s no cure.

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4
Q

Once ring rot infects a field, how long do you have to wait to grow potatoes again in the same field.

A

2 years

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5
Q

What is Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)?

A

A virus that infects tobacco plants and 150 species of plants, including tomatoes and cucumbers.

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6
Q

What damage does TMV cause?

A

TMV damages leaves, flowers and fruit

TMV stunts plant growth and reduces yield, leading to almost complete crop loss

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7
Q

How can the spread of TMV be prevented?

A

Resistant strains are available, but once infected, there’s no cure

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8
Q

What is potato blight (+ other blights) caused by?

A

Fungus-like protoctist oomyecete.

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9
Q

What damage does potato blight cause?

A

The hyphae penetrate host cells, destroying leaves, tubers and fruit, causing millions of £ of crop damage annually

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10
Q

How can you reduce the risk of potato blight?

A

Resistant strains are available, but there’s no cure.

Careful management and chemical treatment can reduce the risk of infection

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11
Q

What is black sigatoka?

A

A banana disease caused by fungus

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12
Q

What damage does black sigatoka cause?

A

Attacks and destroys leaves.
The hyphae penetrate and digest cells, turning leaves black.
If infection occurs, up to 50% loss can occur

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13
Q

How can the spread of black sigatoka be prevented?

A

Resistant strains are being developed.

Good husbandry and fungicide treatment can control the spread, but there’s no cure.

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14
Q

What is a fungicide?

A

A chemical that kills fungi

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15
Q

What are the 4 common animal diseases?

A

Tuberculosis (TB)
Bacterial Meningitis
HIV/AIDS
Influenza (flu)

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16
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

A bacterial disease of humans, pigs, cows, badgers and deers, commonly caused by bacterium tuberculosis

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17
Q

What damage does TB cause?

A
  • Damages and destroys lung tissues

* Surpresses immune system, so the body is more vulnerable to other diseases

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18
Q

How has a rise in HIV allowed TB to spread?

A

People with HIV are more likely to be infected by TB

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19
Q

How can the spread of TB be controlled?

A

TB can be cured with antibiotics

TB is preventable by improving living standards and through vaccination

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20
Q

What is bacterial meningitis?

A

A bacterial infection of the brain’s meninges (the protective layers of the brain’s surface)

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21
Q

How does bacterial meningitis cause damage?

A

Bacterial meningitis can spread to the rest of the body, causing septicemia(blood poisoning) and rapid death

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22
Q

What age group does bacterial meningitis commonly affect?

A

Young children.

Teenagers 15-19

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23
Q

What symptom of septicemia means immediate medical treatment is needed?

A

When a red rash is pressed and doesn’t ‘disappear’

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24
Q

What % of people infected with septicemia die?

A

10%

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25
Q

What % of people who have recovered from septicemia will have permanent damage?

A

25%

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26
Q

How can the spread of bacterial meningitis be reduced?

A

Antibiotics can cure the disease in early stages.

Vaccines protect against some forms of bacterial meningitis

27
Q

What is HIV/AIDS?

A

AIDS is a condition, HIV is a virus.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), caused by HIV (Human immunodeficiency Syndrome), targets T helper cells in the body’s immune system.

28
Q

How does HIV/AIDS cause damage?

A

After targeting the host’s immune system, AIDS gradually destroys the immune system, leaving the host more vulnerable to other diseases e.g. TB + pneumonia + some types of cancers

29
Q

What group of organisms does HIV affect?

A

Humans and other primates

30
Q

Describe what HIV is, relating to its structure.

A

Retrovirus with RNA as its genetic material.

31
Q

How does HIV work?

A
  • Contains enzyme reverse transcriptase, which transcribes HIV’s RNA to a single strand of DNA to produce a single strand of DNA in the host cell.
  • This DNA interacts with genetic material of the host cell.
32
Q

How is HIV spread?

A
  • Passed from one person to another through bodily fluids, commonly through unprotected sex, shared needles and contaminated blood products.
  • HIV can also pass from mother to baby during pregnancy, birth or breastfeeding.
33
Q

What is available to reduce the spread of HIV?

A

There is no cure or vaccine, but anti-retroviral drugs slow the progress of the disease.

34
Q

What traditional practice spreads HIV? Why does this practice spread HIV?

A

Female genital mutilation - The same equipment used several times can spread infection and women with FGM are more likely to get HIV through intercourse.

35
Q

reserved

A

reserved

36
Q

What is influenza (flu)?

A

A viral infection of the ciliated epithelial cells in the gas exchange system.

37
Q

What damage does the flu cause?

A

Kills ciliated epithelial cells, leaving the airways open to secondary infection.

38
Q

In which people is influenza most likely to be fatal?

A

Young children, old people and people with chronic illnesses

39
Q

What causes most of the deaths after a person is infected with influenza?

A

Secondary bacterial infections e.g. pneumonia, on top of the original viral infection

40
Q

What organisms does the flue infect?

A

Mammals, i.e. human and pigs and birds including chickens

41
Q

What are the 3 main strains of influenza?

A

A, B and C

42
Q

Which of the influenza strains are the most severe?

A

Strain A

43
Q

How are strain A influenza viruses classified?

A

By the proteins on their surface, e.g. A(H1N1) and A(H3N3)

44
Q

How often do flu viruses mutate? How is the extent of this mutation good for us?

A

Regularly - however, the changes are small, so having flu one year leaves you with immunity for the next

45
Q

Why do flu pandemics occasionally occur?

A

Rarely, there is a major change in influenza’s surface antigens. This means there are no antibodies available to quickly eliminate it.

46
Q

How can the spread of flu be limited?

A

Vulnerable groups of people are given annual vaccines against changing strains.
There is no cure.

47
Q

What is malaria caused by?

A

The protoctista plasmodium.

48
Q

What is malaria spread by?

A

Infected female anopheles mosquitoes.

49
Q

What are the 2 hosts which are a part of plasmodium’s life cycle?

A

People and mosquitoes

50
Q

What is the life cycle of plasmodium?

A

Reproduce inside female mosquito.

Female mosquito requires 2 blood meals before laying eggs - this is when plasmodium is passed on to people.

51
Q

What does the plasmodium do?

A

Plasmodium invades erythrocytes, the liver and the brain.

52
Q

What is the consequence of malaria recurring?

A

Makes the host weak and more vulnerable to other infections

53
Q

How can malaria be treated?

A

No vaccine and limited cure.

54
Q

How can the spread of malaria be limited?

A

Through preventative measures - these are very effective.

The key is to control the vector.

55
Q

Explain what the preventative measures to malaria are.

A

Anopheles mosquitoes can be eliminated through:
Insecticides
Removing standing water, which they need to reproduce

Mosquito nets, window+door screens and long sleeved clothing prevent mosquitoes biting.

56
Q

What is ring worm?

A

A fungal disease

57
Q

What organisms does ring worm affect?

A

Mammals i.e. cattle, dogs, humans

58
Q

Is ring worm the same in all infected organisms?

A

No - different fungi infect different species

59
Q

What are the symptoms of ring worm in cattle?

A

Grey-white, crusty, infectious, circular areas on skin.

Not damaging but may be itchy.

60
Q

How do you cure ring worm in cattle?

A

By using antifungal creams

61
Q

What is athlete’s foot?

A

A human fungal disease caused by Tinia pedia - human form of ring worm

62
Q

What does athlete’s do?

A

Grows on and digests the warm, moist skin between toes

63
Q

What damage does athlete’s foot do?

A

Athlete’s foot causes cracking and scaling, which is itchy and sore

64
Q

How can athlete’s foot be treated?

A

Through antifungal cream

Biology AS (148 decks)

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