6.4 Specialisation of cells Flashcards
Define specialised
Having a specific structure to perform a specific function
What is the summary for organisation of a multicellular organism?
Specialised cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Whole organism
What does differentiated mean?
A cell being specialised to carry very specific functions
What is another term for erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
What is the shape of erythrocytes? Why is this the case?
Biconcave, to maximise SA:V ratio, essential for their role in oxygen transport
Do erythrocytes have nuclei? Why is this the case?
No - increases space for haemoglobin
What does haemoglobin carry?
Oxygen
Are erythrocytes rigid or flexible? Why is this the case?
Flexible - allows them to squeeze through tight capillaries
What is another term for a neutrophil?
A type of white blood cell (neutrophils play a role in the immune system)
Describe the structure of neutrophils. What is the advantage of this?
Multi-lobed nucleus - easier to squeeze through small gaps to reach sites of infection
What kind of cytoplasm do neutrophils have?
Granular cytoplasm - contains lysosomes that contain enzymes used to attack pathogens
What is the function of sperm cells?
Deliver genetic information to the female gamete, ovum (egg)
How are sperm cells adapted?
Tail/flagellum - Capable of movement
Contain many mitochondria - supply energy needed to swim
Acrosome (layer on head) - Contains digestive enzymes; released to digest protective layer of ovum, allow penetration and fertilise the egg
Where specifically are palisade cells?
In the mesophyll
How are palisade cells adapted?
Contain chloroplasts - absorb light for photosynthesis
Rectangular box shape - can be densely packed to form a continuous layer
Thin cell walls - Increase rate of diffusion of CO2
Large vacuole - maintain turgor pressure
Chloroplasts can be mobile - move within cytoplasm to absorb more light
