8/17 Questions Exam 2

Question 1

What part of C1 represents the spinous process?

Answer 1

posterior tubercle of the posterior arch

Question 2

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?

Answer 2

males: about fifty millimeters
Females: about thirty-seven millimeters

Question 3

What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?

Answer 3

rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae

Question 4

What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?

Answer 4

the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament

Question 5

Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?

Answer 5

accessory bone

Question 6

What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?

Answer 6

about age 7 years old

Question 7

What may be formed by ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?

Answer 7

a partial ponticulus posticus or complete ponticulus posticus

Question 8

What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?

Answer 8

kimmerle’s anomaly

Question 9

What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

Answer 9

arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

Question 10

Ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?

Answer 10

all ethnic populations studied thus far

Question 11

What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?

Answer 11

1% - 41%

Question 12

What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?

Answer 12

Female

Question 13

What is the locations of the “zygapophysis” relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial intervertebral foramina?

Answer 13

it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases

Question 14

What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?

Answer 14

costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

Question 15

What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?

Answer 15

anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar

Question 16

What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?

Answer 16

Rectus capitis anterior
Rectus capitis lateralis
Middle scalene
Levator scapula
splenius cervicis
obliquus capitis superior
obliquus capitis inferior
intertransversarii muscles

Question 17

What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?

Answer 17

rectus capitis posterior minor
rectus capitis posterior major
obliquus capitis inferior

Question 18

What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?

Answer 18

myodural bridges

Question 19

What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?

Answer 19

the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas

Question 20

What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?

Answer 20

the retrotransverse foramen

Question 21

What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?

Answer 21

the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck

Question 22

Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is most numerous?

Answer 22

ponticulus posticus

Question 23

Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?

Answer 23

lateral bridges

Question 24

What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?

Answer 24

vertebral artery
Vertebral venous plexus
Postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers

Question 25

What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?

Answer 25

males: 78 millimeters
females: 72 millimeters

Question 26

What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?

Answer 26

a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females

Question 27

What is the contribution of the posterior arch to the circumference of C1?

Answer 27

about forty percent