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Biology > 7.3 > Flashcards

7.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

define genetic engineering/modification

A

the insertion of genes from one organism into the genetic material of another organism or changing of the genetic material of an organism

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2
Q

what is recombinant DNA

A

new DNA produced by genetic engineering technology that combines genes from the DNA of one organism with the DNA of another

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3
Q

what is reverse transcriptase

A

the enzyme used to make artificial copies of a desired gene by taking an mRNA molecule transcribed from the gene and using it to produce the correct DNA sequence

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4
Q

what are the steps in genetic engineering/modification

A
  • isolate required gene using restriction endonuclease enzyme
  • cut plasmid (which acts as a vector) with the same restriction endonuclease to make complementary sticky ends
  • join plasmid and gene with DNA ligase to produce recombinant DNA
  • insert the recombinant DNA back into the host cell
  • the modified bacteria will now produce the protein coded for by the new gene
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5
Q

what is complementary DNA (cDNA)

A

DNA which can act as an artificial gene, made in reverse transcription

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6
Q

what are ‘sticky ends’

A

the area of base pairs left longer on one strand of DNA by specific restriction endonuclease making it easier to attach new pieces of DNA

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7
Q

what are plasmids

A

circular strands of DNA found in bacteria

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8
Q

what is replica plating

A

the process used to identify recombinant cells that involves growing identical patterns of bacteria colonies on plates with different media

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9
Q

what makes a good vector for replica plating

A

vector targets the right cell
ensures the desired gene is incorporated into the host genetic material so it can be activated
doesn’t have any adverse side effects

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10
Q

what are the steps in replica plating that help identify successful recombinant cells

A
  • the bacteria containing desired gene also contain a marker gene (requires a specific amino acid to grow)
  • colonies of bacteria are grown on a master plate on a complete medium
  • master plate is inverted and pressed on sterile velvet surface leaving an imprint of the colonies
  • this is repeated to create the replica plate however the medium of the replica plate does not contain the specific amino acid needed for growth
  • replica plate is incubated and colonies which have not been genetically modified grow
  • replica plate is compared to the master plate so genetically modified colonies can be identified and grown
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11
Q

what are gene guns

A

DNA is shot into the cell at high speed carried on minute gold pellets
some cells survive and accept the DNA

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12
Q

how can viruses be used to genetically modify cells

A

harmless viruses are engineered to carry desired gene and infect the cell with the DNA

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13
Q

what is liposome wrapping

A

gene to be inserted are wrapped in lipsosomes which fuse with the cell membrane and deliver the DNA into the cytoplasm

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14
Q

what is microinjection

A

DNA is injected into cell through micropipette but many cells must be injected before they successfully take up the DNA

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15
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of using viruses to genetically modify cells

A

+/ they are very good at getting the DNA into the nuclei as this is how they work naturally
-/ they can cause an immune response in some people
risky side effects

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16
Q

what is a knockout organism

A

an organism in which one or more genes are silenced so they no longer function

17
Q

why are knockout organisms helpful

A

can be used to identify the function of a gene
can be used to investigate disease and potential treatments

18
Q

what is a limitation of genetically modified bacteria

A

prokaryotic cells do not possess the biochemistry to produce more complex human proteins

19
Q

what bacteria is used for the making of transgenic plants

A

bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens
(causes tumors in plants)

20
Q

explain the steps in making transgenic plants

A
  • Ti plasmid extracted from A.tumefaciens
  • the gene which will be transferred to the plant is inserted and the Ti plasmid is returned to the bacteria
  • the plant is infected with the modified bacterium and the engineered gene becomes part of the plant chromosome
  • A.tumefaciens causes tumor to develop on the plant, these tumor cells can be taken and cultured to grow new transgenic plants
21
Q

what are tumors in plants called

A

crown galls

22
Q

how can genetic modification be used in farming to increase yield

A

disease resistant genes can be added to high-yield crops to maximize yield

23
Q

are plant cells toti, multi or pluripotent

A

totipotent

24
Q

explain flood-resistant rice

A

complete immersion in water usually destroys rice crops and with global warming increasing floods many crops were been destroyed so GM rice which can withstand total immersion in water for up to 3 weeks and still give 80% of yield

25
Q

what are the 3 main areas of GM plants used in commercial farming

A

flood-resistant rice
pesticide resistance
changing nutritional values of plant

26
Q

what are the 2 main genetic modification of soya beans

A

herbicide resistance
fatty acid balance

27
Q

why is investigation on animals necessary

A

there is a limit to investigations that scientist and doctors can carry out on people and tissue culture often does not work the same as a living organism

28
Q

what are transgenic animals

A

animals that have had their DNA modified using gene technology, so that at least some of their cells contain recombinant DNA

29
Q

how is the production of human proteins done through transgenic animals

A
  • introduce copy of human gene that code for specific protein into genetic material of another animals egg
  • a promotor sequence is also added to ensure the gene is expressed in mammary gland of the lactating female
  • fertilized transgenic embryo is placed in surrogate mother
  • animal is born and grows to maturity
  • the protein can then be extracted from their milk
30
Q

how can human gene therapy be used to prevent disease

A

alter germ cells so that faulty genes are no longer passed on, this must be done on very early embryos immediately after in vitro fertilization

31
Q

why is germ line therapy banned in the Uk

A
  • unsure of the effect on the early embryo with such an invasive intervention
  • difficult to know where to draw the line
  • people may wish to manipulate genes to change characteristics such as height, intelligence, skin colour ect
32
Q

what are the ethical concerns around GM plants

A

marker genes including antibiotic resistance getting into wild populations
infertile seeds (transgenic plants are often made infertile to stop the gene getting into wild populations but this means fresh seeds must be purchased every season which is expensive)
worries over ‘alien DNA’
concern over use of other organisms in scientific research
fear it will be bias to richer developed countries and widen the population gap worldwide

Biology (33 decks)

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