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Biology > 4.2 > Flashcards

4.2 Flashcards

gas exchange

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1
Q

why do very small organisms not need a gas exchange or transport system

A

diffusion distance from the outside to the inner most areas in very small
large sa:vol
metabolic demands are low

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2
Q

what are the 3 main factors that affect rate of diffusion

A

surface area
concentration gradient
diffusion distance

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3
Q

give 5 ways lungs are adapted for gas exchange

A

large surface area
thin walls (small diffusion distance)
rich blood supply (maintain conc gradient)
most surfaces (gases dissolve)
permeable surfaces

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4
Q

why are the airways covered in hairs and have a lining that secrete mucus

A

filter out dust, small particles and pathogens that you breathe in

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5
Q

how does your body raise the temperature if the air that you breathe in

A

rich blood supply

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6
Q

why are moist surfaces needed in gas passages

A

increase level of water vapor in the air

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7
Q

what is the epiglottis

A

flap of tissue that prevents food entering gas exchange system

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8
Q

what is the name for the voice box

A

larynx

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9
Q

what are the incomplete rings of cartilage needed for

A

prevent trachea and bronchi from collapsing

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10
Q

describe bronchioles

A

small tubes that spread through lungs & end in alveoli
(no cartilage so can collapse)

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11
Q

where are the intercostal muscles found

A

between the ribs and are important in breathing

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12
Q

what are the pleural membranes and cavity

A

pleural membranes:
surround lungs & line chest
cavity:
space between pleural membranes, allows easy breathing

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13
Q

what is the diaphragm

A

broad sheet of tissue that form the floor of the chest cavity

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14
Q

what is the electrostatic recoil of the lungs

A

elastic connective tissue forces air out of lungs as they stretch when you breathe in

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15
Q

what is the use of the lung surfactant

A

coast alveoli
stops collapsing alveoli
makes breathing easier

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16
Q

how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange

A

single layer of flattened epithelial cells
capillaries one cell thick so short diffusion distance
folded surface increases surface area
constant blood supply maintains concentration gradient
moist so gasses dissolve

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17
Q

define breathing/ventilation

A

physical movements of the chest change the pressure so that air is moved in or out

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18
Q

what is the mass transport system

A

an arrangement of structures by which substances are transported in the flow of a fluid with a mechanism moving it around the body

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19
Q

where are the intercostal muscles

A

between the ribs

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20
Q

Is inhalation an active or passive process

A

active

21
Q

explain inhalation

A

muscles around the diaphragm contract so it is lowered and flattened
the intercostal muscles contract raising the rib cage upwards and outwards
this increases the volume chest cavity so the pressure is lower and air moves in

22
Q

explain exhalation

A

muscles surrounding the diaphragm relax so it moves into the resting domed shape
intercostal muscles relax so ribs move down and in
volume of chest cavity decreases causing an increase in pressure so air moves out of the lungs

23
Q

how can exhalation be forced

A

contraction of abdominal muscles forcing the diaphragm upwards increasing pressure in the chest cavity causing exhalation

24
Q

how does the airways prevent infection

A

produce a lot of mucus lining the airways which traps tiny particles and organisms which is moved upwards to the back of your throat by cilia and digested by the acid in your stomach

25
Q

describe insects gas exchange system

A

spiracles on the exoskeleton lead to the trachea which becomes tracheoles that lead to muscle fibers

26
Q

what are spiracles

A

openings along the side of the thorax and abdomen for the entry and exit of respiratory gases which are opened and closed by sphincters

27
Q

why do spiracles need to be controlled by sphincters

A

to control water loss

28
Q

what is the trachea in insects

A

large tubes supported by chitin in the insect respiratory system carrying air directly into the body for gas exchange running alongside and and into the insect dividing into tracheoles

29
Q

what are tracheoles

A

minute tubes of elongated cells with no chitin lining so are fully permeable for gas exchange spread throughout the tissue and penetrating into some individual cells

30
Q

how does the insect respiratory system work

A

air enters through spiracles moves along trachea to tracheoles where the large surface area allows gas exchange to take place

31
Q

how do insects increase rate of gas exchange when they are active

A

tracheoles contain water which reduces gas exchange however when the insect is very active lactic acid builds up which affects the osmotic concentration of cells and causes water to move out of the tracheoles to the cells exposing additional surface area for gas exchange

32
Q

how is the opening and closing of spiracles coordinated

A

controlled by sphincters stimulated by respiratory centers in the nervous center which respond to levels of CO2 & O2 as well as lactic acid build up

33
Q

how do very active insects supply extra oxygen

A

mechanical ventilation - air is actively pumped into the tracheal system through muscular pumping movements of the thorax and abdomen which changes the pressure causing air to be drawn in or out
collapsible trachea - air sacs act as air reservoirs and increase the volume of air moved through the respiratory system via ventilating movements of the thorax and abdomen inflating and deflating them

34
Q

what is the outer structure of the gills

A

gills are contained in a gill cavity which is covered by a protective bony flap called the operculum

35
Q

why is the operculum important

A

it maintains the flow of water over the gills even when the fish is stationary

36
Q

explain gas exchange in fish

A

water flows in through the mouth over the gills and the lamellae where gas exchange occurs then out through the operculum `

37
Q

how is a fish gas exchange well adapted for gas exchange

A

gill filaments have a large surface area
the lamella has a rich blood supply to maintain a concentration gradient
they do counter current exchange to maximize gas exchange along the entire length of the lamella
thin walls for short diffusion distance
overlapping of gill filaments slows down the flow of water therefor allowing more time for gas exchange

38
Q

what is the countercurrent exchange system

A

water moving over the gills moves in the opposite direction to the blood in the blood vessels maintaining a concentration gradient as it ensures equilibrium of oxygen is not met allowing diffusion to occur across the entire length of the lamella

39
Q

describe the structure of a leaf

A

waxy cuticle on the surface of the leaf
then the upper layer of epidermis
then the palisade mesophyll
then the spongy mesophyll which also contains xylem vessels, phloem tissue and air spaces
then the lower epidermis which has guard cells and stomata

40
Q

how is the spongy mesophyll adapted for gas exchange

A

irregularly shaped to increase surface area
arranged with large air spaces between them and are moist so gasses can dissolve and gas exchange can occur more freely between cells

41
Q

why is the waxy cuticle needed

A

it is impermeable therefor acts as a barrier to diffusion through the surface of the leaf

42
Q

what are stomata

A

specialized pores found mainly in the epidermis on the underside of the leaf through which gases diffuse into and out of the cell

43
Q

describe the structure of a guard cell

A

border a stomata
specialized epidermal cell
sausage-shaped
contain chloroplasts
cellulose in their cell walls is unevenly distributed

44
Q

how are stomata closed

A

when conditions are not in favor of photosynthesis turgor pressure is low as the potassium ions are excreted therefor due to the unsymmetrical thickness of cellulose in the cell wall the guard cells become flaccid and close the stomata

45
Q

how are stomata opened

A

when conditions are favorable for photosynthesis solutes are moved into the guard cells by active transport therefor water moves into the guard cells by osmosis causing them to swell and increase turgor pressure
this opens the stomata due to the uneven bending as the spiral thickenings of cellulose means that only the outer walls stretch creating semicircular pore openings

46
Q

what solutes are most commonly moved into the stomata

A

potassium ions

47
Q

describe the structure of guard cells

A

contains nucleus, vacuole and chloroplasts
thickened inner wall
thin outer wall

48
Q

what are lenticels and why are they needed

A

loosely arranged cells with many air spaces link the inner tissue of the trunk and the air so gas exchange can take place

Biology (33 decks)

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