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Biology > 2.1 > Flashcards

2.1 Flashcards

eukaryotic cells

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1
Q

state 2 types of stains and what they can be used for

A

methylene blue - nuclei of animal cells
iodine - starch containing materials (plant cells)

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2
Q

define resolution

A

how close together two objects can be before they are seen as one

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3
Q

3 advantages of light microscopes

A

light and portable
cheap and assessable
can view living cells

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4
Q

3 disadvantages of electron microscope

A

specimen must be dead as they are viewed in a vacuum
expensive
preparing specimen is complicated

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5
Q

2 differences between TEM and SEM

A

TEM: 2D image
highest magnification
SEM: 3D image
lower magnification

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6
Q

how can you add colour to specimen in an electron microscope

A

add a heavy metal and the image will show the different density’s which are then coloured

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7
Q

state the 11 organelles inside a cell

A

centriole
SER
mitochondria
nuclear membrane
nucleolus
chromosomes
lysosomes
RER
vesical
golgi body
ribosomes

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8
Q

why is cholesterol needed in the cell membrane

A

for the fluidity of the membrane

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9
Q

contrast 70s and 80s ribosomes

A

80s: 40s + 60s subunits
eukaryotic cells
bigger
70s: 30s + 50s subunits
prokaryotic cells
smaller

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10
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from bacteria which got caught inside eukaryotic cells

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11
Q

what is the general structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum

A

interconnected network of folded membranes
formation + transport of proteins and lipids

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12
Q

why is it important for organelles to have separate membranes

A

to make it possible to have the right conditions for a particular reaction in one part of a cell and different conditions to suit other reactions elsewhere in the same cell

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13
Q

state 3 uses of the cell membrane

A

controlling what passes into & out of the cell
allowing fluids either side to have different compositions
where chemical processes take place

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14
Q

why do cell membranes need to be flexible

A

allow cell to change shape
water context
engulfing
break & fuse easily to allow vesicles through

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15
Q

what are vesicles

A

membrane ‘bags’ that hold secretions made in cells

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16
Q

what is the cell membrane mostly made up of

A

lipids & proteins

17
Q

what are polar lipids

A

lipids with one end attached to a polar group
hydrophobic tail, hydrophilic head

18
Q

how does the number of unsaturated fatty acids effect the fluidity of the membrane

A

the more unsaturated fatty acids the more fluid the membrane is

19
Q

what are gated channels

A

protein channels through the lipid bilayer that are opened and closed depending on the conditions of the cell

20
Q

state some of the roles of proteins in the lipid bilayer

A

transport of molecules
specific receptors so cells can respond to hormones
enzymes to control reactions linked to the membrane
glycoproteins often found on the surface of cells are used as a way for cells to recognize each other

21
Q

state the molecules found in the fluid mosaic model

A

phospholipid
integral protein
peripheral protein
glycoprotein -> carbohydrate chain
cholesterol

22
Q

define eukaryotes

A

a group of organisms with cells that have genetic material contained in a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles

23
Q

define prokaryotes

A

a groups of organisms that have few organelles and do not have genetic material contained in a membrane bound nucleus

24
Q

what is the protoplasm

A

the cytoplasm and nucleus combined

25
Q

what is the ultrastructure of a cell

A

the detailed organization of the cell, only visible using an electron microscope, to ensure the cell is best suited to its role

26
Q

state 2 uses of of intracellular membranes

A

localize enzymes in reaction pathways (best suited conditions)
compartmentalize chemicals

27
Q

describe the structure of a nucleus `

A

spherical shape
surrounded by double nuclear membrane containing pores
contains nucleic acids and proteins
when not dividing DNA bonds to the protein to form chromatin
contains nucleolus (extra dense area of DNA & protein)

28
Q

describe the structure of mitochondria

A

outer membrane
inner membrane which is folded forming cristae which increases surface area
fluid matrix
mitochondrial dna

29
Q

describe the role of centrioles and their structure

A

when cell divides they produce spindle fibres which pull chromosomes apart to the poles of the cell
bundle of 9 tubules

30
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

dynamic 3D web like structure which fills the cytoplasm and is made up of microfilaments and microtubules found both singularly and in bundles

31
Q

what is the structure of micro tubules

A

consist of globular protein tubulin

32
Q

why is the cytoskeleton needed

A

gives cytoplasm structure
keeps organelles in place
cell movement
transport within cells

33
Q

what are microfilaments

A

contractile proteins in muscles

Biology (33 decks)

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