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Biology > 3.3 > Flashcards

3.3 Flashcards

biodiversity

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1
Q

define biodiversity

A

a measure of the variety of living organisms and their genetic differences

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2
Q

why is biodiversity important

A

because organisms are interdependent
allows large scale ecosystems to function and self-regulate
the air and water is purified by a wide range of organisms
plants reduce flooding

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3
Q

what is the species richness

A

refers to the number of different species in an area

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4
Q

what is the evenness of distribution of species

A

the relative abundance of the different types of organisms that make up the species richness

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5
Q

what is relative species abundance

A

the relative numbers of species in an area

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6
Q

how do you calculate diversity index

A

D=N(N-1)/{n(n-1)

N- total number of organisms
n- number of organisms of each individual species
{ - sum of

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7
Q

how do certain areas gain high biodiversity

A

stable ecosystem allows complex relationships to form
high level of productivity (photosynthesis) can support more niches
organisms can grow and reproduce rapidly so can exploit more niches

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8
Q

why may an area have low biodiversity

A

extreme environmental conditions
has a number of unfilled niches
environment very susceptible to change

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9
Q

define gene pool

A

all of the alleles of all of the genes in a population

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10
Q

what is genetic diversity

A

a measure of the level of difference in the genetic make-up of a population

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11
Q

why is genetic diversity important

A

without it a population are more vulnerable to changes in their environment

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12
Q

state some ethical reasons for maintaining biodiversity

A

denying future generations the opportunity to see and utilize these natural resources
should be protected and maintained
unique combinations of DNA are lost
potential to cause mass extinction through global warming

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13
Q

what are ecosystem services

A

services provided by the natural environment which benefit people

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14
Q

what are provisioning services provided by the ecosystem

A

resources provided by the ecosystem such as food, fuel, water, medicines

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15
Q

what are the regulating services provided by the ecosystem

A

regulate our environment in water purification, air quality, disease regulation, pollination

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16
Q

what are the supporting services provided by the ecosystem

A

provide support for other ecosystems in soil formation & nutrient cycling necessary for our food

17
Q

what are the cultural services provided by the ecosystem

A

important in human health and well-being as well as economies depending on wildlife attractions

18
Q

define conservation

A

maintaining and protecting a living changing environment

19
Q

what is ex-situ conservation

A

conservation takes place outside of their natural habitat e.g. zoos

20
Q

what is in-situ conservation

A

conservation takes place in the natural habitat of the organism e.g. national park

21
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of ex-situ conservation of plants

A

+/ good if there is not time to conserve their habitat
genetic material is conserved
collected without damaging natural population
-/ not all seeds store well especially crop plants
take up a lot of space

22
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of ex-situ conservation of animals

A

+/ help to save endangered species
promote breeding
can be re-introduced back into the wild
the gene pool can be widened by zoos analysing DNA and swapping sperm
-/ not helpful if reasons why they came to extinction aren’t addressed
difficult to provide the right conditions for breeding
reintroduction may be unsuccessful
expensive
time consuming
not enough space or sufficient resources

23
Q

how many national parks are there in the uk

A

15

24
Q

state some global national parks

A

great barrier reef marine park
volcanos national park
New forest national park (UK)

25
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages of in-situ conservation for animals

A

+/ helps maintain habitats
promotes sustainable use of biological resources
recovery of endangered species
-/ takes up a lot of space as entire ecosystems must be protected
expensive to maintain and conserve the area
land is needed for other uses

26
Q

what is sustainable forestry

A

instead of slash and burn trees are harvested selectively and replanted for the future

27
Q

How can farming be made more sustainable

A

using organic fertilizers
using biological pest control
maintaining hedgerows and planting in rotation to not exhaust the soil

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