4.1 Flashcards

cell transport mechanisms

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1
Q

which component of the fluid mosaic model is the main transport system in the membrane

A

integral proteins

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2
Q

what are the 3 passive transport mechanisms

A

diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis

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3
Q

what are the 3 active transport mechanisms

A

endocytosis
exocytosis
active transport

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4
Q

define diffusion

A

movement of particles down the concentration gradient from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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5
Q

define facilitated diffusion

A

diffusion that takes place through carrier proteins or channel proteins

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6
Q

define osmosis

A

movement of solvent molecules from an area of high water potential to an area of low water potential down the concentration gradient through a partially permeable membrane

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7
Q

define endocytosis

A

movement of large molecules into calls through vesicle formation

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8
Q

define exocytosis

A

movement of large molecules out of the cell through vesicle formation containing molecules within the surface cell membrane

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9
Q

define active transport

A

movement of substances directly across the membrane requiring energy

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10
Q

what factors effect how a substance is transported

A

size of molecule
solubility in lipids & water
polarity of the molecule

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11
Q

what are gated channels

A

protein channels that only open when a specific molecule or electrical charge is present

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12
Q

how do carrier proteins work

A

picks up a specific molecule
carrier then changes shape so it can move through the membrane
releases molecule on the other side

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13
Q

what is osmotic concentration

A

measure of the concentration of the solutes in a solution that have an osmotic effect

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14
Q

what is an isotonic solution

A

when osmotic concentration of the solutes in the solution is the same as that in the cell

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15
Q

what is a hypotonic solution

A

when osmotic concentration of solutes in solution is lower than that in the cell therefor water moves into the cell

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16
Q

what is a hypertonic solution

A

when osmotic concentration of solutes in the solution is higher than that in the cell therefore water moves out of the cell

17
Q

what happens to animal cells when too much water moves out of the cell

A

cell becomes shriveled and the cytoplasm loses its internal structure
chemical reactions in the cell stop working

18
Q

what is generated as water enters a plant cell and the cytoplasm swells and presses in the cell walls

A

hydrostatic pressure

19
Q

what is pressure potential

A

the inward pressure exerted by the plant cell wall on the protoplasm of a cell stopping the entry of water by osmosis

20
Q

what is turgor

A

when the osmotic force moving water into the plant call is balanced by the pressure potential

21
Q

what is incipient plasmolysis

A

when water moves out of the cell so turgor is lost and the cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall as the protoplasm shrinks

22
Q

How is incipient plasmolysis measured

A

using serial dilutions looking for the point at which 50% cells plasmolysed 50% not

23
Q

What is plasmolysis

A

so much water leaves the cell that the vacuole is reduced and the protoplasm shrinks away from the cell wall

24
Q

why is most work (experiments) on osmosis osmosis done on plant cells

A

bigger & easier to see and measure

25
Q

what is water potential

A

the potential for water to move out of a solution by osmosis

26
Q

why is the water potential of pure water zero

A

the highest water potential water molecules always move from pure water into any solution

27
Q

what is turgor pressure (P)

A

the inward pressure exerted by the plant cell wall, force which opposes the entry of water by osmosis

28
Q

what is osmotic potential

A

the potential of a solution to cause water to move into the cell across a partially permeable membrane as a result of dissolved solutes

29
Q

what is the equation for water potential

A

water potential = turgor pressure + osmotic potential

30
Q

why is the water potential of an animal cell the same as its osmotic potential

A

there is no cell wall to exert a hydrostatic pressure

31
Q

what does active transport allow a cell to do

A

move substances across membranes against a concertation or electrochemical gradient using ATP

32
Q

what’s a carrier protein

A

proteins that move a substance through the membrane in active transport

33
Q

what does the sodium pump do

A

moves potassium ions into the cell and sodium ions out

34
Q

what does the cell surface membrane do

A

provides control over what moves in or out of the cell

35
Q

evidence for active transport

A

-only takes place in living cells
-depends on temperature & O2 concentration
-large number of mitochondria
-poisons that stop respiration or prevent ATPase also stop active transport

36
Q

define cyanide

A

metabolic poison that stops mitochondria working

37
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

the active process when a cell engulfs something relatively large such as bacterium and encloses it in a vesicle

38
Q

what is pinocytosis

A

the active process by which cells take tiny amounts of extracellular fluid into vesicles

39
Q

why do cells take in extracellular fluid

A

sources of minerals and nutrients