Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > 5.1 > Flashcards

5.1 Flashcards

cellular respiration

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define cellular respiration

A

process by which energy from food molecules is transferred to ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the respiratory substrate

A

the substance that is broken down in respiration (usually glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define aerobic respiration

A

the form of cellular respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does ATP release energy

A

the third phosphate bond is broken by a hydrolysis reaction and a Pi and ADP are left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

outline the stages of aerobic respiration

A

glucose
glycolysis
link reaction
krebs cycle
electron transfer chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what happens in glycolysis

A

splitting of the respiratory substrate begins and the molecules are prepared for the second stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why is the link reaction needed

A

move the products of glycolysis into the kreb cycle and electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

explain the structure of a mitochondria

A

double membrane
inner membrane forms many folds called cristae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the cristae contain that is associated with ATP synthesis

A

stalked particles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how are redox reactions involved in respiration

A

a series of redox reactions take place and release a small amount of energy which is used to drive the synthesis of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is soda lime/potassium hydroxide needed for in the respiration practical

A

absorbs CO2 produced so that any changes in volume will be due to the uptake of oxygen by organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

how does a respirometer work

A

as organisms use O2 pressure reduces pulling the liquid towards the tube containing the organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

where does glycolysis occur

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

state the differences in anaerobic & aerobic respiration

A

aerobic:
occurs in mitochondria
complete oxidation
waste products - H2O, CO2
anaerobic:
occurs in cytoplasm
incomplete oxidation
waste products - lactic acid/ethanol, CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

why do your muscles tire and eventually stop during anaerobic respiration

A

movement of lactate &hydrogen ions into blood lowers the blood pH which reduces nervous simulation so eventually stops muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why do you continue to breath heavily after exercise

A

levels of lactate in the blood remain high therefor it must be oxidized back to pyruvate as it is toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the main waste products of anaerobic respiration in yeast

A

ethanol & CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the kreb cycle

A

series of biochemical steps that lead to the complete oxidation of glucose resulting in carbon dioxide, water and ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are decarboxylase & dehydrogenase

A

decarboxylase - enzyme that removes CO2
dehydrogenase - enzyme that removes hydrogen (carries out oxidation)

21
Q

summarise the kerb cycle

A

acetyl coenzyme A + 4C compound (oxaloacetate) -> citrate
decarboxylation produces CO2 and dehydrogenation reduces NAD
intermediate 5C compound is formed
decarboxylation produces CO2 and dehydrogenation reduces NAD and phosphorylation converts ADP to ATP
FAD is reduced
NAD is reduced
4C compound (oxaloacetate) is produced

22
Q

summarise glycolysis

A

glucose forms glucose 1,6 diphosphate through the conversion of ATP -> ADP this then forms fructose 6 phosphate which forms fructose 1,6 diphosphate through the conversion of ATP -> ADP this then splits into 2 G3P molecules which continue on to form pyruvate through the conversion of 2ADP -> 2ATP and NAD+ -> NADH + H+

23
Q

summarise the link reaction

A

pyruvate (3C) from glycolysis
decarboxylation produces CO2
NAD is reduced (pyruvate is oxidised)
joins with Coenzyme A to form acetylCoA

24
Q

define oxidative phosphorylation

A

the oxygen dependent process in the electron transport chain where ADP is phosphorylated

25
Q

summarise the electron transport chain

A

NADH and FADH donates their electrons to proteins in the etc and release H+ ions
electrons release energy as they pass along the chain of proteins in the etc
this energy pumps H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space
the H+ ions then diffuse back across the membrane via ATPsynthase which generates the energy for chemiosmosis that synthesizes ATP
the electrons leave the etc pass along to the terminal electron acceptor (oxygen) and form water

26
Q

what are cytochromes

A

protein pigments with an iron group which are reduced by electrons from reduced FAD to form a molecule of ATP

27
Q

what is cytochrome oxidase

A

an enzyme in the etc which receives electrons from the cytochromes therefor is reduced and produces a molecule of ATP

28
Q

what is the role of NAD and FAD in the etc

A

act as a hydrogen acceptor

29
Q

where does the link reaction and kreb cycle occur

A

matrix of the mitochondria

30
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur

A

inner membrane

31
Q

where is ATP synthase found

A

stalked particles

32
Q

summarise chemiosmosis in the etc

A

hydrogen ions are actively transported from the matrix to the intermembrane space using energy provided by electrons moving along the etc
this creates a higher concentration of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space making a concentration, pH and electrochemical gradient across the membrane so hydrogen ions diffuse back to the matrix through ATP synthase which drives the synthesis of ATP

33
Q

why is it thought that respiration evolved in very early stage in development of organisms

A

the process is the same in almost all living organisms suggesting that it evolved at a very early stage in the development of organisms on earth

34
Q

overall how many molecules of ATP are produced in respiration

A

36 (38 created 2 used)
although this fluctuates and is expected to be on average 31

35
Q

where does anaerobic respiration take place

A

cytoplasm

36
Q

summarise alcoholic fermentation

A

2 pyruvate molecules undergo decarboxylation which produces 2CO2 and ethanal
2NADH molecules undergo oxidation to produce 2NAD+ molecules
ethanal is reduced by alcohol dehydrogenase and 2 ethanol are formed

37
Q

summarise lactate fermentation

A

2 pyruvate molecules are reduced to 2 lactate molecules by lactate dehydrogenase
2NADH molecules undergo oxidation to produce 2NAD+ molecules

38
Q

why must anaerobic respiration be carried out when there is little to no oxygen present

A

there is no terminal electron acceptor for the etc
the electron transport chain stops functioning
no more ATP can be produced from oxidative phosphorylation
reduced NAD and FAD aren’t oxidized by an electron carrier
no oxidized NAD and FAD available for the Kreb cycle
Kreb cycle stops

39
Q

what cells use alcoholic fermentation

A

yeast and other fungal microorganisms

40
Q

what cells use lactate fermentation

A

bacteria and mammalian muscle cells

41
Q

what are the steps in anaerobic respiration

A

glycolysis
alcoholic/lactate fermentation

42
Q

what acts as the hydrogen acceptor in alcoholic fermentation

A

ethanal

43
Q

what occurs to ethanol after alcoholic fermentation

A

it is a waste product as it cannot be further metabolized

44
Q

what acts as the hydrogen acceptor in lactate fermentation

A

pyruvate

45
Q

why is lactate fermentation important in mammals

A

because the lactate fermentation pathway re-oxidises the reduced NAD so that it can be re used in glycolysis

46
Q

why must lactate be removed

A

it is acidic so if it is not removed from the muscle tissue it can lower the pH which inhibits the actions of important enzymes

47
Q

how is lactate removed

A

it is transported to the liver and converted back to pyruvate when more oxygen is available

48
Q

give similarities and differences between anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A

similarities:
glycolysis
production of ATP
requires glucose
produces CO2
Anaerobic:
cytoplasm
no oxygen
produces lactic acid
involves alcoholic/lactate
fermentation
eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells
Aerobic:
mitochondria
requires oxygen
more ATP is produced
involves Kreb cycle & etc
only eukaryotic cells

Biology (33 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions