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Biology > 6.3 > Flashcards

6.3 Flashcards

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1
Q

define antigens

A

glycoproteins, proteins or carbohydrates on the surface of cells which are recognized by white blood cells and stimulate the production of antibodies

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2
Q

what are non-specific responses

A

triggered by body cells breaking down and releasing chemicals

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3
Q

define inflammation

A

a non-specific response to infection involving the release of histamines from mast cells and basophils causing vasodilation, increasing temperature of localised areas and increases permeability of capillary wall

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4
Q

what are mast cells

A

do not circulate in the blood stream they reside in the skin and muscular tissue
become activated when they come in contact with foreign antigens
release histamines from granules

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5
Q

state 3 physical barriers to pathogens

A

skin consisting of keratin
stomach acid
gut skin & flora - natural bacteria which competes with pathogens

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6
Q

state the 3 granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophil
basophil

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7
Q

state the 2 main agranulocytes and their sub cells

A

lymphocytes - B lymphocyte, T lymphocyte, natural killer cell
Monocyte

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8
Q

what causes a fever and why is it effective

A

hypothalamus sets body temperature higher
decreases speed of pathogen reproduction
increases rate of specific immune response

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9
Q

what is lysosome action and why is it effective

A

lysosome is an enzyme found in secretions such as tears and mucus
kills bacteria by damaging their cell wall

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10
Q

what is phagocytosis

A

white blood cells engulf pathogens and destroy them by fusing a pathogen enclosed in a phagocytic vesicle

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11
Q

what are basophils

A

produce histamines
circulate in bloodstream
bean shaped nucleus
not phagocytic

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12
Q

what are eosinophils

A

lobed nucleus allows it to morph shape in order to engulf pathogens
produce chemicals which counteract inflammatory histamines

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13
Q

what are natural killer cells

A

type of leukocyte that can recognize cells that are infected
release proteins that educe apotosis by perforating the membrane
control infection until adaptive immune system is activated

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14
Q

define specific immune response

A

specific response of the immune system to specific pathogens, each T cell and B cell is tailored towards a specific pathogen and is not effective against any others

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15
Q

what are the 4 key features of specific immunity

A

distinguish self from non-self
specific to each foreign cell
diverse
immunological memory

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16
Q

define humoral response

A

the immune response to pathogens free in the tissues and bloodstream

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17
Q

what is cell mediated response

A

the response to your own body cells that have altered self antigen

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18
Q

what is the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

A

a molecule found on the cell surface membrane of all cells and is used to present antigens, both self and non-self

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19
Q

what are B cells

A

made and matured in the bone marrow
circulate in the bloodstream and are concentrated in the lymph glands
produce immunoglobulin proteins - antibodies that target specific pathogens

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20
Q

what is antibody opsonization

A

a process by which a pathogen is marked for phagocytosis

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21
Q

what is aggulation

A

when foreign particles are clumped together via antibodies

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22
Q

what is neutralization

A

when antibodies bind to an inactive virus and toxins

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23
Q

what is B cell activation (T cell independent)

A

B cell and its membrane-bound antibodies recognize and attach to antigens and B cells become activated

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24
Q

what are the 3 types of B cells

A

B effector cells
B plasma cells
B memory cells

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25
Q

what are the 3 types of T cells

A

T killer cells
T helper cells
T memory cells

26
Q

whats the role of killer T cells

A

produce chemicals to destroy infected body cells by causing lysis

27
Q

whats the role of helper T cells

A

activate the plasma cells and secrete opsonin’s which label the pathogen for phagocytosis

28
Q

whats the role of memory T cells

A

long lived cells that make up part of immunological memory

29
Q

what are B effector cells

A

divide to form plasma cell clones

30
Q

what are (B) plasma cells

A

produce antibodies for a particular antigen

31
Q

what are B memory cells

A

provide immunological memory to specific antigens

32
Q

what is an APC

A

antigen presenting cell which display antigens on the cell surface membrane

33
Q

what is B cell activation (T cell dependent)

A

an activated T helper cell with complementary receptor binds to the APC and produces cytokines that stimulate B cells

34
Q

how are T cells activated

A

binding of the T cell to an APC triggers cloning of T cells into T memory and T helper cells

35
Q

what is clonal selection

A

the selection of the cells that carry the right antibody for a specific antigen

36
Q

why do (B) plasma cells have lots of ribosomes and an extensive endoplasmic reticulum

A

for the production of large quantities of protein antibodies

37
Q

what is cell-mediated response

A

bacteria infects a host cell
host cell presents the antigens on its cell surface membrane and becomes an APC
T helper cells with complementary receptors bind to the APC
cytokines are released from the T helper cell which stimulates the production of T memory cells and active T killer cells
the active T killer cell binds to the APC and releases perforin which causes lysis of infected cells

38
Q

what are the 2 types of white blood cells involved in phagocytosis

A

neutrophils
macrophages

39
Q

how does phagocytosis destroy pathogens

A

phagocyte engulfs pathogen via endocytosis to form a phagosome and fuses with lysosome
the lysosomes digest the pathogen and leaves the antigens
the antigen markers and then presented on the cell surface membrane via to MHC

40
Q

how do APCs present antigens to T cells

A

antigens are presented on the cell surface membrane via the MHC
these then bind to the CD4 receptors on the T helper cell

41
Q

what are the stages of clonal selection

A

antigen binds to B cell with complementary receptors and engulfs the bacteria via endocytosis
enzymes break down the bacteria and leaves the antigens
B cell becomes an APC
an activated T helper cell with a complementary receptor binds to the APC and produces cytokines which stimulate the B cell
B cell divides to give B memory and B effector cells

42
Q

what does perforin do

A

causes lysis of cells

43
Q

what is the primary immune response

A

production of antibodies by B plasma cells from B effector cells and T killer cell activation

44
Q

what is the secondary immune response

A

faster long lasting immune response due to the presence of B and T memory cells which are able to respond very rapidly

45
Q

what is natural active immunity

A

when the body produces its own antibodies to an antigen encountered naturally

46
Q

what is natural passive immunity

A

when antibodies made by the mother are passed to the baby via the placenta or breast milk

47
Q

what is immunisation

A

the process of protecting people from infection by giving them active or passive artificial immunity

48
Q

define vaccination

A

the introduction of a harmless forms of pathogens or antigens by injection or mouth to produce artificial immunity

49
Q

what makes immunity passive

A

when your body does not make the antibodies itself

50
Q

what is artificial passive immunity

A

when antibodies are extracted from one individual and injected into another

51
Q

what is artificial active immunity

A

when the body produces it’s own antibodies to an antigen acquired through a vaccination

52
Q

what is an attenuated pathogen

A

viable pathogens that have been modified so that they do not cause disease but still cause an immune response that results in the production of antibodies and immunity

53
Q

what is herd immunity

A

when a high proportion of a population is immune to a pathogen (usually by vaccination) therefor lower the risk of infection to all even those without immunity

54
Q

how do vaccinations work

A

an attenuated pathogen is introduced to the blood usually by injection which causes an immune response and leave memory cells in the blood therefor exposure to that specific pathogen does not result in disease as the immune response is a lot faster and more vigorous

55
Q

why is eradication of a disease often not possible through vaccination

A

there are many pathogens that survive in soil, water or animal hosts

56
Q

what is the difference between elimination and eradication of a disease

A

elimination - the disease disappears but remains present in the environment
eradication - the disease is no longer found anywhere

57
Q

what are the advantages of vaccinations

A
  • the person is protected against a disease which could potentially kill them
  • herd immunity protects those that can’t be vaccinated
  • save money on treating diseases
58
Q

what are the disadvantages of vaccinations

A
  • some people can be allergic to the vaccination
  • extreme immune responses could cause the person to be extremely ill when getting the vaccine
  • widespread vaccinations may be linked to an increase in allergies and asthma
  • may not benefit the individual but is done for all of society
59
Q

give 2 differences between specific and non-specific immune response

A

non-specific - involves inflammation & phagocytosis
immediate
specific - has a lag time
is complementary to the pathogen

60
Q

what are the 2 specific immune responses

A

cell-mediated
humoral

61
Q

what is the humoral response

A

complementary T helper cells bind to antigens on APCs via the CD4 which stimulates the release of cytokines that then cause clonal expansion of complementary B effector cells which then divide to form plasma cells
the plasma cells secrete antibodies complementary to the pathogens antigens

Biology (33 decks)

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