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Biology > 3.1 > Flashcards

3.1 Flashcards

classification

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1
Q

define biodiversity

A

a measure of variety of living organisms and their genetic differences

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2
Q

what is taxonomy

A

describing, classifying and naming living organisms

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3
Q

what is morphology

A

the study of the form and structure of organisms

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4
Q

what are analogous features

A

features that look similar or have similar function but are not from the same biological origin

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5
Q

what are homologous structures

A

structures that genuinely show common ancestry

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6
Q

what is the order of the taxonomy groups

A

domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

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7
Q

what are archaebacteria

A

ancient bacteria thought to be the oldest form of living organism

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8
Q

what are the 4 eukaryotic kingdoms

A

Protoctista
fungi
plantae
animalia

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9
Q

what is the morphological species model

A

a species is defined based solely on the appearance if the organism observed

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10
Q

what is sexual dimorphism

A

when there is a big difference between the appearance of the male & female of a species

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11
Q

define species

A

a group of closely related organisms that are all capable of producing fertile offspring

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12
Q

what is a limitation of the definition of species

A

plants frequently interbreed with similar species to form fertile offspring

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13
Q

define DNA sequencing

A

the process by which the base sequences if a genome of an organism is worked out

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14
Q

what is DNA profiling

A

the process by which the non-coding areas of DNA are analyzed to identify patterns

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15
Q

state an issue with classification based solely on appearance

A

enteral conditions can result in major differences in appearance of individuals of the same species

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16
Q

state 2 issues with finding common ancestors through DNA analysis on fossils

A
  • DNA starts to degrade immediately after death
  • the rate at which different parts of DNA mutates can vary (when dating ancestors)
17
Q

what is gel electrophoresis

A

a method of separating fragments of protein or nucleic acids based on their electrical charge and size

18
Q

explain the steps involved in gel electrophoresis

A

wells are filled with solution containing DNA fragments in a buffering solution
an electrical current is passed through the apparatus and the gel moves towards the positive anode
the fragments move at different rates depending on their mass and charge
once it is complete it is placed under uv light to show the pattern so that the different bands can be identified

19
Q

how are DNA fragments cut and prepared for gel electrophoresis

A

cut into fragments via restriction endonuclease then added to gel containing dye which binds to the fragments in the gel and will fluoresce when placed under uv light

20
Q

how is the DNA stopped from running off the gel

A

a dye is added to the fragment solutions that does not bind to the DNA but moves through the gel slightly faster than the DNA so that the current can be switched off before it runs off the gel

21
Q

what charge does DNA have and why

A

negative charge due to the phosphate groups

22
Q

how are the DNA fragments viewed after gel electrophoresis

A

Ninhydrin is added to the gel after electrophoresis has taken place
it reacts with the amino acids and show up as purple patches

23
Q

define endosymbionts

A

an organism that lives inside the cells or the body of another organism

24
Q

explain the endosymbiotic theory for mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

cells engulf photosynthetic organism/aerobic prokaryote as food
by chance in some cells they are not digested which gives them as advantage and allows them to grow more rapidly so it becomes a permanent feature and they are passed on during reproduction

25
Q

what are the 3 domains and are they prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

prokaryotic - archaea, bacteria
eukaryotic - eukaryota

26
Q

state some features of just eukaryota

A

membrane bound nucleus
membrane bound organelles
80s ribosomes
doesn’t have operons
has 3 RNA polymerases
rarley contains plasmids
never fixes nitrogen

27
Q

state some feature of onlt bacteria

A

has a peptidoclycan cell wall
ribosomes sensitive to chloramphenicol and streptomycin but not diphtheria toxin

28
Q

state some features of archaea

A

some are methanogens
contains operons and plasmids

29
Q

what was the monera

A

a kingdom with 5 kingdoms to classify organisms based mostly on morphology

30
Q

what are extremophiles

A

bacteria that can survive extreme conditions of heat, cold, pH, salinity and pressure

31
Q

what are the 6 kingdoms and are the prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

archaebacteria - prokaryotic
eubacteria - prokaryotic
Protoctista - eukaryotic
fungi - eukaryotic
animalia - eukaryotic
plante - eukaryotic

Biology (33 decks)

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