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Biology > 1.3 > Flashcards

1.3 Flashcards

biological molecules 2

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1
Q

define nucleotides

A

molecules with 5 carbon pentose sugar, a nitrogen containing base, a phosphate group joined by condensation reactions

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2
Q

what is ATP made up of

A

base adenine, pentose sugar ribose, 3 phosphate groups

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3
Q

how is deoxyribose different to ribose

A

one less O2 atom

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4
Q

what is the difference between purine & pyrimidine bases

A

purine - 2 nitrogen containing rings
pyrimidine - 1 nitrogen containing ring

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5
Q

which bases are purines & pyrimidines

A

purines - adenine, guanine
pyrimidine - cytosine, thymine, uracil

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6
Q

where are phosphate ions found

A

cytoplasm

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7
Q

what charge do nucleotides have and why

A

negative charge due to the phosphate ion

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8
Q

what reactions occur in the production of nucleotides

A

2 condensation reactions

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9
Q

what does ATP stand for

A

adenosine triphosphate

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10
Q

how does ATP release energy

A

third phosphate bond in ATP is broken in a hydrolysis reaction catalysed by ATPase to form ADP and a free inorganic phosphate group (Pi)

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11
Q

roughly how much energy is produced when ATP is hydrolysed

A

34kj

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12
Q

what is ATP used for in the body

A

building new molecules
active transport
nerve impulses
muscle contractions

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13
Q

define redox reaction

A

reactions in which one reactant loses electrons (oxidised) and another gains electrons (reduced)

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14
Q

what is nucleic acid

A

polymers made up of many nucleotide monomer units that carry all the information needed to form new cells

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15
Q

what does DNA stand for

A

deoxyribose nucleic acid

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16
Q

how do nucleic acids bond together

A

condensation reaction forms a phosphodiester bond between the sugar and the phosphate group

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17
Q

both DNA and RNA have a ….. backbone

A

sugar-phosphate backbone

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18
Q

state the bonding pairs of the bases and the bonds in between them

A

A & T - 2 hydrogen bonds
C & G - 3 hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

describe the structure of RNA

A

single polynucleotide strand
can fold into complex shapes held through hydrogen bonds or remain as long thread-like molecules

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20
Q

describe the structure of DNA

A

2 polynucleotide strands twisted around each other into a double helix shape
10 base pairs for each complete twist
strands are 5 prime (5’) and 3 prime (3’)

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21
Q

define genome

A

the entire genetic material of an organism

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22
Q

what are the two main ideas of how DNA replicates

A

conservative & semi conservative replication

23
Q

explain the idea behind conservative replication

A

the original helix remained intact and a new identical helix was formed outside of the current strand

24
Q

how was conservative replication disproven

A

a samples of DNA were produced one with N 15 (denser) present then moved to a source of N 14
if conservative replication occurred then the sample would only contain N 15 in the original strands and new strands would be N 14 however it was found that the new DNA contained both N 14 and N 15 proving semiconservative replication right

25
Q

summarize DNA replication

A

DNA unzips and unwinds with DNA helicase to create template strands
exposed bases attract free DNA nucleotides which is catalysed by DNA polymerase
then DNA ligase catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the two strands of DNA

26
Q

where does translation occur

A

surface of ribosomes

27
Q

define translation

A

the process by which proteins are produced via RNA using the genetic code found in the DNA

28
Q

what is a triplet code and why are they needed

A

the code of three bases
can code for an amino acid or signal the beginning or end of a particular sequence of amino acids

29
Q

define gene

A

a sequence of bases on a DNA molecule, contains coding sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain that effect an organisms phenotype

30
Q

what is a codon

A

sequence of 3 bases in DNA or mRNA

31
Q

why is mRNA required

A

DNA is too large of a molecule for the codons to be figured out
so mRNA forms a more readable complementary strand to DNA

32
Q

what is meant by DNA being non-overlapping and degenerate

A

non-overlapping - codons do not overlap
degenerate - some base sequences code for the same amino acid

33
Q

how is RNA different to DNA

A

contains u in replace of c
contains ribose instead of deoxyribose

34
Q

what are the 3 main functions of RNA

A

carries instructions for a polypeptide from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes
picks up specific amino acids from the protoplasm to the surface of the ribosomes
makes up the bulk of ribosomes themselves

35
Q

what is the sense and antisense strand

A

antisense strand - the template strand, the section of DNA which codes for proteins
sense strand - the mRNA strand which has complementary base sequence transcribed from the antisense strand

36
Q

explain how mRNA is formed

A

RNA nucleotides line up alongside antisense strand after it has been unzipped
RNA polymerase catalyses the formation of phosphodiester bonds between the RNA nucleotides to form a strand of mRNA
small mRNA molecules then easily pass through pores in the nuclear membrane to the cytoplasm then the ribosomes

37
Q

what is an anticodon

A

sequence of three bases on a tRNA that are complementary to the bases in the mRNA codon

38
Q

explain the structure of a tRNA molecule

A

found in the cytoplasm
clover leaf shape
made up of an anticodon and a binding site specific to certain amino acids found free in the cytoplasm

39
Q

what is the function of tRNA in the synthesis of proteins

A

carries a specific amino acid and lines up with mRNA with the complementary codon on the ribosome surface
amino acids are lined up and peptide bonds form between them building the chain of amino acids

40
Q

what is rRNA and its function

A

ribosomal RNA
makes up 50% of a ribosome
made in nucleus under the control of the nucleoli
moves into cytoplasm where it binds with proteins to form ribosomes

41
Q

what do ribosomes do

A

consist of a large and a small subunit
hold together mRNA and tRNA
act as an enzyme controlling protein synthesis

42
Q

what are polysomes

A

groups of ribosomes joined by a thread of mRNA that can produce large quantities of a particular protein

43
Q

define mutation

A

a permanent change in the DNA of an organism

44
Q

what is a somatic cell

A

a body cell

45
Q

how does the body try and control mutation

A

specific enzymes cut out or repair any parts of the DNA strand which become broken or damaged

46
Q

what is a point mutation

A

a change in one or a small number of of nucleotides affecting a single gene

47
Q

what is a substitution mutation

A

one base substitutes another

48
Q

what is a deletion mutation

A

when a base is completely lost in the sequence

49
Q

what is a insertion mutation

A

when an extra base is added to the sequence

50
Q

what is chromosomal mutation

A

changes in the position of entire genes within a chromosome

51
Q

what is a whole-chromosomal mutation

A

entire chromosomes are either lost or duplicated during meiosis

52
Q

give an example of whole-chromosomal mutation

A

down syndrome
3 copies of chromosome 21 instead of 2

53
Q

what is sickle cell disease

A

a human genetic disease affecting the protein chains making up the haemoglobin in red blood cells as a result of a point mutation

54
Q

why is sickle cell disease a problem

A

it causes haemoglobin to stick together and form ridged rods that give the red blood cell a sickle shape so they do not carry oxygen very efficiently and block small blood vessels

Biology (33 decks)

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