7: Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production Flashcards
what does a “UUN” test stand for?
urinary urea nitrogen test
what does a UUN test measure?
It measures the amount of nitrogen in the urine and is related to finding how much protein is required by an individual
what percentage of protein is in nitrogen?
16%
name two potential consequences of high protein intake
1) may cause problems if you already have existing liver or kidney disorder.
2) toxins are released when the extra protein must be broken down by the kidneys for energy
when you are excreting more nitrogen than you are ingesting you are what?
decreasing lean tissue
what is the only form of energy manufactured by the mitochondria that muscles can use?
ATP
what is the difference between ATP and ADP?
ATP has three phosphate groups and ADP has only two phosphate groups. ADP has less energy and is usually regenerated into ATP
what is anaerobic glycolysis?
it is the process of taking energy from stored carbohydrates and transforming them into ATP in the absence of oxygen for periods ranging from 10 seconds to 2 minutes. lactic acid will build up
The chief carbohydrate storage form of glucose is ______.
muscle glycogen
How many seconds of ATP are stored in the muscle for use?
4 sec
what happens when the first 4 seconds worth of ATP stored in the muscles are used up?
Creatine phosphate and ADP are used to create more ATP– providing more energy for about 25 to 30 seconds
when energy is needed for longer than 30 to 35 seconds, how is ATP produced?
stored muscle glycogen is broken down into pyruvate and lactic acid
during muscle contraction the cell membrane is _______.
impermeable, nothing can get in or out of the cells
if oxygen (and also nothing else) cannot get into the working muscles while being contracted, how is ATP produced?
anaerobic glycolysis
what do the muscles use for ATP when contracted?
stored intracellular energy
what is it called during slightly longer periods than 30-35 seconds where oxygen acquired from the blood assists pyruvate and lactic acid in creating ATP
metabolic oxidation
what is the rest pause technique for resistance training? why is this done?
do a set of reps then put the weight down for about 10 to 15 seconds to allow the muscles to get oxygen and remove waste. then do another set for a few more reps and repeat. continue until you get 12 to 15 total reps
Since the heart and lungs are slow in delivering oxygen during the onset of aerobic activity, what is used for energy until the heart and lungs can catch up with the oxygen demand?
pyruvate
The LUNGS compensate (with labored breathing) until the _____ and ______ can catch up during aerobic activity
heart and blood vessels
once enough oxygen is being supplied for aerobic activity, where is the majority of ATP coming from?
anaerobic mix of oxygen, glucose, and fatty acids
what is it called when oxygen, glucose and fatty acids are used for producing ATP?
aerobic metabolism
aerobic metabolism is also called _____
cell respiration
what is pyruvate?
Formed through glycolysis, when intracellular glucose is broken down.
Pyruvate is then converted into acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle) eventually producing ATP energy.
what is the final product of glycolysis?
pyruvate
Fat metabolism is strictly anaerobic or aerobic metabolism?
aerobic metabolism
glucose hydrolysis is strictly anaerobic or aerobic metabolism?
anaerobic metabolism
what does pyruvic acid produce when oxygen is lacking (anaerobic)?
lactic acid
pyruvate can be converted to fatty acids through _______
acetyl CoA
makes up all the processes that are involved in the metabolic chain of chemical reactions to generate energy in all aerobic organisms
citric acid cycle
energy production function of the cell can only occur after acetyl COA is generated from glycolysis, occurring in the mitochondria. This process is called what?
citric acid cycle
this describes energy produced as a result of chemical reactions in the metabolic chain
ATP
How are fatty acids converted into acetyl CoA?
beta oxidization
How are carbohydrates converted into acetyl CoA?
glycolysis
Stored fat, triglyceride, is first broken down through what process?
lipolysis
mobilization of catabolism can occur as the result of what three means?
intramuscular factors, sympathetic nervous system activation, hormone activation of enzymes
what is the stress hormone released from the interior pituitary that raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids and stimulates cell reproduction?
growth hormone
what are the primary two hormones in normal metabolism?
insulin and glucagon
what is the main catabolic hormone that when secreted will inhibit anabolic processes?
glucagon
Insulin promotes (anabolism/catabolism)?
anabolism
what are three ways the body delivers glucose, or pyruvate, to the muscle site?
1) breakdown of glycogen to glucose
2) Protein breakdown in gluconeogenesis
3) delivery of blood glucose to muscle site
As exercise intensity increases the amount of fat being used for energy also increases. true or false
false, The amount of fat being used for energy DECREASES
The optimum duration for the body is about ___ minutes at ____ intensity
90 min at 60%
Fat loss for the beginner client should use ______ intensity in _____ duration
low intensity and long duration
what formula would you use to monitor exercise heart rate at a certain level of intensity?
Karvonen formula
restingHR + (intensity level x (maxHR - restingHR)) = exercise heart rate
what is VO2 max?
The maximum amount of oxygen that the body can use during exercise
should you perform a VO2 max assessment on a beginner client?
no use the 3-minute step test
How do you find resting heart rate?
when first waking (or having your client sit for several minutes) check pulse for 15 seconds and multiply by four.
check pulse on radial wrist…not neck
what is the formula to find Max heart rate?
208 - (.7 x age) = Max heart rate
As someone gets into better aerobic condition the following changes occur which promote fat utilization….
increase in muscle energy stores, mitochondrial numbers increase, capillaries per muscle fiber and number of muscle fibers all increase.
As someone gets into better aerobic condition, the intramuscular triacylglycerol content is enhanced in _______ muscle fibers and (increased/decreased) hormonal response takes place
red, slow twitch; decreased
The hormonal response that takes place as someone’s aerobic condition improves will cause a decrease in the amount of glycogen and the amount of blood glucose being used for energy. This is called what?
glycogen sparing effect
Pyruvic acid supplies _______ when oxygen is present through what process?
It supplies energy to cells during aerobic metabolism
