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CPT (NFPT) > 5: Cardiac and Smooth Muscle: Structure and Function > Flashcards

5: Cardiac and Smooth Muscle: Structure and Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What does Cardiac muscle refer to?

A

Involuntary muscle of the heart itself

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2
Q

What does smooth muscle refer to?

A

Involuntary muscle that makes up the walls of hollow organs in the digestive, respiratory and vascular tissues

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3
Q

The cardiovascular system is comprised of both ______ and _______ muscle.

A

cardiac and smooth

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4
Q

The human heart is composed of ___ chambers and ____ circulation paths.

A

4; 2

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5
Q

What is the vascular system?

A

vessels and tissues made of smooth muscle that direct blood flow as needed.

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6
Q

What are the two main purposes of the capillaries and tissues interaction?

A

1) exchange and deliver oxygen, metabolites and other products (such as proteins)
2) Pull out carbon dioxide and other waste from the cell for disposal

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7
Q

Regular exercise contributes to the substantial risk reductions of _____, ______, _________ and _________.

A

stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, Type 2 diabetes

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8
Q

The 2 receiving chambers of the heart are called _______.

A

atria (atrium —singular)

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9
Q

The 2 sending chambers are called _______.

A

ventricles

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10
Q

______, _______ and ________ are all blood vessels.

A

arteries, veins and capillaries

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11
Q

Which Pericardium layer closely envelopes the heart?

A

Visceral (Epicardium)

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12
Q

The thick outer, thickest coat of the Visceral Pericardium is the _________.

A

Fibrous Pericardium

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13
Q

What is the other outter later aside from the Fibrous Pericardium?

A

Parietal Pericadium

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14
Q

What is the middle and thickest part of the cardiac muscle tissue?

A

Myocardium

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15
Q

What is the smooth membrane that lines the inside of the heart’s chambers?

A

Endocardium

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16
Q

The heart’s main artery is called the ______ and the _____ artery in the body.

A

aorta; largest

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17
Q

The aorta branches off into smaller ______, ________ and _________.

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries

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18
Q

deoxygenated, waste-rich blood returns through ______, back to the heart through the lower inferior and upper superior _________, and into the right _______.

A

veins; vena cava; atrium

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19
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

Process by which oxygenated blood is carried away from the heart to the body and then deoxygenate, waste-rich blood is returned back to the heart into the right atrium.

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20
Q

What is Pulmonary Circulation?

A

The circulatory process between the heart and the lungs

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21
Q

Where does blood go after entering the heart through the right atrium?

A

It enters the right ventricle.

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22
Q

Where does blood go after the right ventricle?

A

It goes through the pulmonary artery which goes to the lungs.

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23
Q

After the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs, where does oxygen rich blood go?

A

Oxygen rich blood returns to the heart through pulmonary veins and into the left atrium.

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24
Q

Where does blood go after being in the left atrium?

A

The left ventricle where systemic circulation starts.

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25
Q

The right side of the heart is responsible for _______ circulatory functions.

A

pulmonary

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26
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

the movement of blood through the heart

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27
Q

How is coronary circulation different from the rest of the body? (2 WAYS)

A

1) There is little to no redundancy; so if one artery is blocked, blood flow may not reach that area
2) blood flow can only reach the heart during diastole (filling of the chamber)

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28
Q

What are arterioles?

A

smaller arteries

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29
Q

Summarize Pulmonary Circulation

A

Right atrium to right ventricle to pulmonary artery to lungs

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30
Q

Summarize Systemic Circulation

A

Left atrium to left ventricle to aorta to body

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31
Q

How does the cardiac muscle respond to resistance exercise?

A

Through higher intensity anaerobic exercise (usually strength and speed athletes) cardiac hypertrophy occurs—thickening of the myocardium which results in increased pumping ability, size/thickness and strength.

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32
Q

How does the cardiac muscle respond to aerobic exercise?

A

Adapt by increasing the capacity in actual blood volume that it can pump per contraction, enabling it to accommodate the greater volume of blood demanded by the working muscles. (slight increase in the size of the left ventricle)

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33
Q

What is vascular tissue another name for?

A

blood vessles

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34
Q

How does smooth muscle (specifically vascular tissue) respond to exercise?

A

Increases strength, elasticity and permeability of blood vessels since (during exercise) blood is re-routed to working muscles and away from major organs/rest of the body.

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35
Q

How does smooth muscle (specifically vascular tissue) respond to adrenal hormone stimulation?

A

After eating, adrenal hormones stimulate blood vessels around digestion to dilate. This causes other vessels (not involved) to constrict.

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36
Q

How does smooth muscle (specifically vascular tissue) respond to sympathetic nervous system stiumlation?

A

The heart will contract more strongly with each beat, also causing blood vessels to dilate in certain areas and constrict in others, preparing body for “flight or fight” response.

37
Q

The ANS (autonomic nervous system is part of the ______ system.

A

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

38
Q

The ANS is broken up into what two parts?

A

SNS (sympathetic nervous system) and the PSNS (parasympathetic nervous system)

39
Q

Put simply, what is the difference between SNS and PSNS?

A

SNS “hypes up” the body to prepare it for action; PSNS “calms down” the body

40
Q

How does blood movement in the body work in relation to muscle tissue?

A

Appropriate amount of oxygen and nutrients are provided through holes in capillaries into spaces between the muscle tissue (interstitial space).
This occurs until muscle is done working and/or fully recovered.
Remainder of fluids not used/waste accumulates in interstitial space and lymphatic vessels carry it away from muscle to be enriched and waste processed.

41
Q

What is the interstitial space of muscle tissue?

A

spaces between muscle tissue

42
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do for muscle tissue after they work and recover?

A

Transport oxygen/nutrient deficient fluid away from muscles to appropriate places to be processed.

43
Q

What are the two main “categories” of fluids?

A

Intracellular and extracellular

44
Q

What is intracellular fluid?

A

Cytosol, fluid inside the cell itself. 70% water and separated by membranes that house cellular components

45
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A

all fluids found outside of the cell.

46
Q

What are the two main types of extracellular fluid?

A

blood plasma and interstitial fluid

47
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

“intravascular fluid” light yellowish part of blood; 50% total blood volume of body; the fluid in which solids, blood cells and platelets are suspended; hormones, proteins and nutrients are transported where the body needs them

48
Q

What is the interstitial fluid?

A

liquid outside the vessel walls, in between the cells, surrounding muscle tissue fibers. “communicates” with plasma to deliver materials to the cells and to remove metabolic waste.

49
Q

What does systole represent?

A

time during which the left and right ventricle contract and eject blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery, respectively.
**No blood is entering the ventricles at this time but blood continues to fill the atria.

50
Q

What does diastole represent?

A

time when ventricles are relaxed and blood goes from atrium to ventricles.
At the end of diastole, both atria contract; allowing more blood to enter into ventricles

51
Q

The right atria receives blood from the body through the __________

A

superior and inferior vena cava

52
Q

The left atria receives blood from the lungs through the _____________.

A

pulmonary veins.

53
Q

the right ventricle has blood leave through the _______ to the lungs.

A

pulmonary artery

54
Q

the left ventricle has blood leave through the __________ to the rest of the body.

A

Aorta

55
Q

what does (mmHG) stand for in a blood pressure reading?

A

millimeters of mercury

56
Q

In a blood pressure reading, the top number is the _______ pressure, which is the _________ of the ventricles.

A

systolic; contraction

57
Q

In a blood pressure reading, the bottom number is the ______ pressure, which is the _________ of the ventricles.

A

diastolic; resting/filling with blood

58
Q

The difference between the systolic and diastolic numbers is the _________.

A

pulse pressure (mmHg)

59
Q

What is a normal pulse pressure range?

A

30-50mmHg

60
Q

A widening pulse pressure can indicate _____________.

A

arterial stiffness (bad)

61
Q

Increase in arterial stiffness occurs with aging but occurs more slowly with consistent exercise and health diet. What is arterial stiffness associated with an increase of?

A

heart attack or stroke

62
Q

When should you advise your client to see a doctor about their blood pressure?

A

After consistent readings that are outside a normal range.

63
Q

A consistent blood pressure reading of __________ or above will most likely require a treatment program from a physician.

A

140/90mmHg high blood pressure stage 2

64
Q

What 5 things would a “lifestyle prescription” to lower blood pressure include?

A

healthier diet (less salt), physical activity, healthy weight, managing stress, avoiding tobacco and limiting alcohol

65
Q

What is a normal blood pressure range?

A

Less than 120 systolic AND less than 80 diastolic

66
Q

What is considered elevated blood pressure?

A

120-129 systolic AND less than 80 diastolic

67
Q

What reading is considered hypertension stage one?

A

130-139 systolic OR 80-89 diastolic

68
Q

What reading is hypertension stage two?

A

140 or higher systolic OR 90 or higher diastolic

69
Q

What reading is hypertensive crisis?

A

180 or higher systolic AND/OR 120 or higher

70
Q

How does the body adapt in the cardiovascular system during strenuous exercise?

A

Stroke volume (SV) increases and the vascular system (veins/venous system) will dilate to allow more blood to come back to the heart.

71
Q

What is the equation to find stroke volume?

A

SV = EDV (end diastolic volume) - ESV (end systolic volume)

72
Q

What is the equation to find cardiac output?

A

CO = SV (stroke volume) x HR (heart rate)

73
Q

What is EDV?

A

End Diastolic Volume: The venous return of blood—volume of blood just before the beat

74
Q

What is ESV?

A

The volume of blood at the end of a beat

75
Q

What is CO?

A

Cardiac Output: product of stroke volume and heart rate; volume of blood being pumped in one minute

76
Q

What is SV?

A

Stroke Volume: Volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle of the heart in one beat

77
Q

How does prolonged endurance training effect blood vessels, capillaries and cellular mechanisms over time?

A

It increases the strength, elasticity, permeability of the blood vessels and increases the capillary density. It increases number of mitochondria and the amount of enzymes in each mitochondria.

78
Q

What is a-vO2 difference?

A

The difference in oxygen content between arterial and venous blood

79
Q

What is the protein called that carries oxygen inside the muscle tissue?

A

Myoglobin

80
Q

Is having a greater a-vO2 difference good or bad? Why?

A

Good! Allows muscles to increase the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood, resulting from increasing performance of mitochondria and higher myoglobin concentration.

81
Q

How do you find a-vO2 difference?

A

oxygenated blood (concentration of the arterial blood) - deoxygenated blood (the oxygen concentration of venous blood)

82
Q

How do you find the total oxygen consumed?

A

HR (heart rate) x SV (stroke volume) x a-vO2 difference

83
Q

How can exercise influence someone with diabetes?

A

Exercise increases the sensitivity of muscle cells to insulin. Insulin removes glucose from blood for absorption by muscles. Increase in size and density of receptors in muscles from exercise allows for more use of insulin.

84
Q

The greater the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures, the slower the heart rate, allowing the heart more time to absorb nutrients (during diastolic—filling). Exercise will help this process and combats __________.

A

High Blood pressure (hypertension)

85
Q

How can lack of exercise effect coronary health?

A

plaque and build up can form along the walls, attributing to CAD (coronary heart disease)

86
Q

What does LDL stand for and what does it do?

A

Low-density lipoprotein: transports fat toward the organs

87
Q

What does HDL stand for and what does it do?

A

high-density lipoprotein: transports fats away from the organs to the liver, where it is metabolized

88
Q

The great transport of fat _______ from organs than ________ the better for client’s health.

A

away; toward

89
Q

Aerobic exercise helps lower ______ cholesterol in the body which is labeled ___________.

A

“bad”; LDL low-density lipoprotein

CPT (NFPT) (25 decks)

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