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CPT (NFPT) > 3.5: Joints and Connective Tissue > Flashcards

3.5: Joints and Connective Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a joint?

A

A connection between two bones or a bone and cartilage.

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2
Q

What determines how moveable or immovable a joint is?

A

Ligaments and how “snug” their fit is.

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3
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Body fat (a connective tissue)

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4
Q

What 6 factors determine the joints’ degree of movement?

A

Type of structure; Shape of the bones; Flexibility of joint ligaments; Arrangement of strength of associated muscles/tendons; Soft/Adipose tissue (may limit mobility); Hormone production

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5
Q

How are joints classified?

A

Structure and Function

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6
Q

What are the 3 main structural classifications of joints?

A

Ligamentous/Fibrous (immovable); Cartilaginous (slightly moveable); Synovial (highly moveable)

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7
Q

What does Synarthrosis mean?

A

Immovable; as in Ligamentous/Fibrous joints

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8
Q

What is a Ligamentous/Fibrous joint?

A

No joint activity and bound by strong, fibrous tissue; little to no movement

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9
Q

What are examples of a Ligamentous joint?

A

A suture joint between the bones of the skull; between tooth and socket of mandible

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10
Q

What does amphiarthrosis mean?

A

Slightly moveable; as in Cartilaginous joints

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11
Q

What are Cartilaginous joints?

A

Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable) joints attached by cartilage or fibro-cartilaginous tissue

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12
Q

What are examples of a Cartilaginous joint?

A

growth regions of immature long bones (in children); discs between spinal vertebrae

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13
Q

What does diarthrosis mean?

A

highly moveable; as in Synovial joints

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14
Q

What are Synovial joints?

A

Joints with space between the articulating bones filled with synovial fluid; cartilage is on the end which cushions bones and decreases friction.

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15
Q

What is a synovial cavity?

A

The space between articulating bones in a synovial joint.

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16
Q

What is an articular capsule?

A

Contains two bone ends in a fluid environment — in synovial joints

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17
Q

What are the 6 types of Synovial Joints?

A

Ball/Socket; Hinge; Pivot; Gliding; Saddle; Condyloid

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18
Q

What are the qualities of Ball and Socket joints?

A

Highest degree of freedom;
3 planes at one time;
Multiaxial–widest range of motion;
Rounded cavity that fits into a concavity

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19
Q

What are some examples of a ball and socket joint?

A

Shoulder; Hip

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20
Q

What are the qualities of Hinge joints?

A

“cylindrical’ joints;
1 plane of motion;
one axis;
Flexion and Extension;
Convex part of bone fits into concave part of another bone

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21
Q

What are some examples of a Hinge Joint?

A

knee, elbow, ankle

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22
Q

What are the qualities of Pivot Joints?

A

“cylindrical joints”;
permits rotation;
Pronation and Supination;
Section of a cylinder of bone fits into a cavity of another bone

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23
Q

What are some examples of a pivot joint?

A

Neck (c1-c2) allows for rotation of neck; Elbow

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24
Q

What are some qualities of Gliding Joints?

A

“sliding” or “plane” joints;
Non-axial movement (sliding and twisting movements);
Flexion/Extension, Radial/Ulnar deviation (in hand), Pronation/Supination (in foot);
Movement limited by tighter joint capsules;
Slightly curved, nearly flat—allowing bones to slide past each other

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25
Q

What are some examples of Gliding joints?

A

between Carpals (in hand); between Tarsals (in foot); between articulating processes (in spine), AC joint in shoulder

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26
Q

What are some qualities of Saddle Joints?

A

Movement in 2 planes and 2 axes;
Flexion/Extension, Adduction/Abduction, Circumduction;
Small amount of rotational movement;
Concave and convex surfaces (shaped like saddle)

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27
Q

What is an example of a Saddle joint?

A

Thumbs (base of thumb and wrist); SC joint

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28
Q

What are some qualities of a Condyloid Joint?

A

“ellipsoidal”;
2 planes and 2 axes;
Flexion/Extension, Adduction/Abduction;
No rotational movement;
Oval shaped condyle (round at end) that fits into an elliptical cavity

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29
Q

What makes up the Shoulder Joint?

A

Scapula and Clavicle

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30
Q

What are the 3 joints of the Shoulder Complex?

A

Sternoclavicular (SC); Acromioclavicular (AC); Glenohumeral (GH)

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31
Q

What is the Sternoclavicular (SC) joint?

A

Saddle type synovial joint between the clavicle and the sternum

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32
Q

What is the Acromioclavicular (AC) joint?

A

Gliding type synovial joint at the opposite end of the SC joint which articulates with the scapula

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33
Q

What is the Glenohumeral (GH) joint?

A

Ball and Socket joint with multiaxial movement where the humerus joins the scapula

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34
Q

What is Abduction (shoulder ROM) ?

A

180 deg, arm up sideways

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35
Q

What is Adduction (shoulder ROM) ?

A

45 deg, arm toward the midline of the body

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36
Q

What is Horizontal Abduction (shoulder ROM) ?

A

Transverse plane, 45 deg, arm horizontally backward

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37
Q

What is Vertical Extension (shoulder ROM) ?

A

60 deg, arm straight backward

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38
Q

What is Horizontal Adduction (shoulder ROM) ?

A

Transverse plane, 130 deg, arm horizontally forward

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39
Q

What is Vertical Flexion (shoulder ROM) ?

A

180 deg, arm straight forward

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40
Q

What is Circumduction (shoulder ROM) ?

A

In all planes

41
Q

What is Medial and Lateral Rotation (shoulder ROM) ?

A

Transverse plane, turn arm in and out while hands at sides or extended laterally

42
Q

The knee joint is the largest join in the human body (T/F)

A

True

43
Q

The joint between the tibia and femur is called what?

A

tibiofemoral joint

44
Q

The prime movement of the knee joint is what?

A

flexion and extension

45
Q

At the proximal end, the fibula articulates with the what?

A

tibia

46
Q

At the distal end, the fibula articulates with what?

A

talus bone of the foot

47
Q

At the proximal end, the tibia articulates with the what?

A

femur

48
Q

At the distal end, the tibia articulates with what?

A

talus bone of the foot

49
Q

The tibia lies where in relation to the fibula?

A

medially

50
Q

The fibula lies where in relation to the tibia?

A

laterally

51
Q

The primary function of the shin (tibia and fibula) is to what?

A

bearing weight

52
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint? What two other joints does it encompass?

A

Hinge joint; condyloid joints of the tibiofemoral and partly gliding joint of the patellofemoral

53
Q

What are 3 of the supportive structures of the knee?

A

collateral ligaments; cruciate ligaments; menisci

54
Q

What are the two collateral ligaments of the knee joint?

A

tibial and fibular

55
Q

Where do the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments originate and connect?

A

On the condyles (the rounded protuberances) of the femur and attach to the tibia and fibula on either side.

56
Q

What do the collateral ligaments do?

A

Resist lateral and medial displacement and rotation

57
Q

What are the two cruciate ligaments of the knee joint?

A

anterior (ACL) and posterior (PCL)

58
Q

What do the cruciate ligaments do?

A

(ACL–resists hyperextension)
(PCL–resists hyperflexion) and twisting motions

59
Q

What do the menisci do in the knee?

A

Thin cartilage that partly divides a joint cavity and provides cushioning at the joint surfaces of the femur and tibia

60
Q

What are the two types of menisci?

A

Medial (inside) meniscus and Lateral (outside) meniscus

61
Q

What joint is the most common location for athletic injuries (especially with lateral movements/collisions)?

A

Knee joint

62
Q

What is ROM of knee flexion?

A

130 deg; touch calf to hamstring

63
Q

What is ROM of knee extension?

A

15 deg; straighten out knee as much as possible

64
Q

What is ROM of knee internal rotation?

A

10 deg; twist lower leg toward midline

65
Q

What is the radius bone?

A

Smaller of the two forearm bones; becomes wider/thicker at it’s distal end; lateral side (thumb side) opposite of ulna

66
Q

What is the radiocarpal joint?

A

The main wrist joint; biaxial, condyloid (synovial) joint.

67
Q

Where is the radius bone located.

A

Laterally, on the thumb side.

68
Q

What joint do the radius and ulna bones form, distally?

A

radioulnar joint

69
Q

What type of joint is the raidoulnar joint?

A

Pivot type (synovial)

70
Q

The bump you may see on your wrist the same side as your pinky finger is what bone?

A

Ulna

71
Q

What is wrist ROM flexion?

A

80-90 deg; bend wrist so that palm nears lower end

72
Q

What is wrist ROM extension?

A

70 deg; bend wrist up

73
Q

What is wrist ROM radial deviation?

A

20 deg; bend wrist so that thumb nears radius

74
Q

What is wrist ROM ulnar deviation?

A

30-50 deg; bend wrist so that pinky finger nears ulna

75
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Hinge type with movement in one plane

76
Q

What three bones meet to from the ankle joint?

A

talus, tibia, fibula

77
Q

What is the talus?

A

ankle bone

78
Q

What is dorsiflexion of the ankle?

A

20 deg; pointing toes up

79
Q

What is plantarflexion of the ankle?

A

45 deg; pointing toes down

80
Q

What type of ligaments does the ankle have?

A

Strong medial and weaker lateral

81
Q

What is the subtalar joint?

A

Ankle joint where the talus and calcaneus meet

82
Q

What type of movement does the subtalar joint allow for?

A

30 deg–inversion (turning feet inward) and 20 deg–eversion (turning feet outward)

83
Q

What are the main joint movements of the neck?

A

flexion/extension; abduction (lateral flexion)/adduction (reduction); rotation

84
Q

What are the main movements of the shoulder complex?

A

Acromicoclavicular: elevation/depression;
Glenohumeral: extension, abduction/adduction, rotation (internal/external);
Scapula: protraction/retraction

85
Q

What are the main movements of the elbow?

A

Humeroradial: flexion/extension;
Humeroulnar: flexion/extension;
Raidioulnar: pronation/supination (of the forearm & hand)

86
Q

What are the movements of the fingers?

A

flexion/extension, abduction/adduction

87
Q

What are the movements of the toes?

A

flexion/extension

88
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue functions?

A

protect/insulate internal organs;
bind together/support other tissue in the body;
compartmentalize or divide structures (like skeletal muscle)

89
Q

Adipose tissue (fat) and blood are both considered connective tissue. (T/F)

A

True

90
Q

What are ligaments?

A

They connect bone to bone; provide integrity/strength inside/outside synovial joints.

91
Q

Ligaments are more prone to tearing than tendons. (T/F)

A

True

92
Q

What are tendons?

A

Connect skeletal muscle to bone, cartilage or an adjoining muscle

93
Q

What are often injured first before tendons are ruptured?

A

muscle or bone

94
Q

What is fascia?

A

thin sheath of fibrous tissue, that is loose but strong, which provides support and some protection—encloses muscle or organ

95
Q

How does fascia work?

A

Arranged in continuous “lines” through an entire muscle group, allowing force to be generated through an entire group

96
Q

What three things can cause inflammation of fascia and corresponding muscle?

A

trauma, inactivity and muscle tension

97
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

thickening or scarring of connective tissue

98
Q

What is myofascial release?

A

soft tissue therapy that helps break the cycle of fibrosis by stimulating the stretch reflex, improving blood flow and relaxing contracted muscles

CPT (NFPT) (25 decks)

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