3.5: Joints and Connective Tissue Flashcards
What is a joint?
A connection between two bones or a bone and cartilage.
What determines how moveable or immovable a joint is?
Ligaments and how “snug” their fit is.
What is adipose tissue?
Body fat (a connective tissue)
What 6 factors determine the joints’ degree of movement?
Type of structure; Shape of the bones; Flexibility of joint ligaments; Arrangement of strength of associated muscles/tendons; Soft/Adipose tissue (may limit mobility); Hormone production
How are joints classified?
Structure and Function
What are the 3 main structural classifications of joints?
Ligamentous/Fibrous (immovable); Cartilaginous (slightly moveable); Synovial (highly moveable)
What does Synarthrosis mean?
Immovable; as in Ligamentous/Fibrous joints
What is a Ligamentous/Fibrous joint?
No joint activity and bound by strong, fibrous tissue; little to no movement
What are examples of a Ligamentous joint?
A suture joint between the bones of the skull; between tooth and socket of mandible
What does amphiarthrosis mean?
Slightly moveable; as in Cartilaginous joints
What are Cartilaginous joints?
Amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable) joints attached by cartilage or fibro-cartilaginous tissue
What are examples of a Cartilaginous joint?
growth regions of immature long bones (in children); discs between spinal vertebrae
What does diarthrosis mean?
highly moveable; as in Synovial joints
What are Synovial joints?
Joints with space between the articulating bones filled with synovial fluid; cartilage is on the end which cushions bones and decreases friction.
What is a synovial cavity?
The space between articulating bones in a synovial joint.
What is an articular capsule?
Contains two bone ends in a fluid environment — in synovial joints
What are the 6 types of Synovial Joints?
Ball/Socket; Hinge; Pivot; Gliding; Saddle; Condyloid
What are the qualities of Ball and Socket joints?
Highest degree of freedom;
3 planes at one time;
Multiaxial–widest range of motion;
Rounded cavity that fits into a concavity
What are some examples of a ball and socket joint?
Shoulder; Hip
What are the qualities of Hinge joints?
“cylindrical’ joints;
1 plane of motion;
one axis;
Flexion and Extension;
Convex part of bone fits into concave part of another bone
What are some examples of a Hinge Joint?
knee, elbow, ankle
What are the qualities of Pivot Joints?
“cylindrical joints”;
permits rotation;
Pronation and Supination;
Section of a cylinder of bone fits into a cavity of another bone
What are some examples of a pivot joint?
Neck (c1-c2) allows for rotation of neck; Elbow
What are some qualities of Gliding Joints?
“sliding” or “plane” joints;
Non-axial movement (sliding and twisting movements);
Flexion/Extension, Radial/Ulnar deviation (in hand), Pronation/Supination (in foot);
Movement limited by tighter joint capsules;
Slightly curved, nearly flat—allowing bones to slide past each other
What are some examples of Gliding joints?
between Carpals (in hand); between Tarsals (in foot); between articulating processes (in spine), AC joint in shoulder
What are some qualities of Saddle Joints?
Movement in 2 planes and 2 axes;
Flexion/Extension, Adduction/Abduction, Circumduction;
Small amount of rotational movement;
Concave and convex surfaces (shaped like saddle)
What is an example of a Saddle joint?
Thumbs (base of thumb and wrist); SC joint
What are some qualities of a Condyloid Joint?
“ellipsoidal”;
2 planes and 2 axes;
Flexion/Extension, Adduction/Abduction;
No rotational movement;
Oval shaped condyle (round at end) that fits into an elliptical cavity
What makes up the Shoulder Joint?
Scapula and Clavicle
What are the 3 joints of the Shoulder Complex?
Sternoclavicular (SC); Acromioclavicular (AC); Glenohumeral (GH)
What is the Sternoclavicular (SC) joint?
Saddle type synovial joint between the clavicle and the sternum
What is the Acromioclavicular (AC) joint?
Gliding type synovial joint at the opposite end of the SC joint which articulates with the scapula
What is the Glenohumeral (GH) joint?
Ball and Socket joint with multiaxial movement where the humerus joins the scapula
What is Abduction (shoulder ROM) ?
180 deg, arm up sideways
What is Adduction (shoulder ROM) ?
45 deg, arm toward the midline of the body
What is Horizontal Abduction (shoulder ROM) ?
Transverse plane, 45 deg, arm horizontally backward
What is Vertical Extension (shoulder ROM) ?
60 deg, arm straight backward
What is Horizontal Adduction (shoulder ROM) ?
Transverse plane, 130 deg, arm horizontally forward
What is Vertical Flexion (shoulder ROM) ?
180 deg, arm straight forward
What is Circumduction (shoulder ROM) ?
In all planes
What is Medial and Lateral Rotation (shoulder ROM) ?
Transverse plane, turn arm in and out while hands at sides or extended laterally
The knee joint is the largest join in the human body (T/F)
True
The joint between the tibia and femur is called what?
tibiofemoral joint
The prime movement of the knee joint is what?
flexion and extension
At the proximal end, the fibula articulates with the what?
tibia
At the distal end, the fibula articulates with what?
talus bone of the foot
At the proximal end, the tibia articulates with the what?
femur
At the distal end, the tibia articulates with what?
talus bone of the foot
The tibia lies where in relation to the fibula?
medially
The fibula lies where in relation to the tibia?
laterally
The primary function of the shin (tibia and fibula) is to what?
bearing weight
What type of joint is the knee joint? What two other joints does it encompass?
Hinge joint; condyloid joints of the tibiofemoral and partly gliding joint of the patellofemoral
What are 3 of the supportive structures of the knee?
collateral ligaments; cruciate ligaments; menisci
What are the two collateral ligaments of the knee joint?
tibial and fibular
Where do the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments originate and connect?
On the condyles (the rounded protuberances) of the femur and attach to the tibia and fibula on either side.
What do the collateral ligaments do?
Resist lateral and medial displacement and rotation
What are the two cruciate ligaments of the knee joint?
anterior (ACL) and posterior (PCL)
What do the cruciate ligaments do?
(ACL–resists hyperextension)
(PCL–resists hyperflexion) and twisting motions
What do the menisci do in the knee?
Thin cartilage that partly divides a joint cavity and provides cushioning at the joint surfaces of the femur and tibia
What are the two types of menisci?
Medial (inside) meniscus and Lateral (outside) meniscus
What joint is the most common location for athletic injuries (especially with lateral movements/collisions)?
Knee joint
What is ROM of knee flexion?
130 deg; touch calf to hamstring
What is ROM of knee extension?
15 deg; straighten out knee as much as possible
What is ROM of knee internal rotation?
10 deg; twist lower leg toward midline
What is the radius bone?
Smaller of the two forearm bones; becomes wider/thicker at it’s distal end; lateral side (thumb side) opposite of ulna
What is the radiocarpal joint?
The main wrist joint; biaxial, condyloid (synovial) joint.
Where is the radius bone located.
Laterally, on the thumb side.
What joint do the radius and ulna bones form, distally?
radioulnar joint
What type of joint is the raidoulnar joint?
Pivot type (synovial)
The bump you may see on your wrist the same side as your pinky finger is what bone?
Ulna
What is wrist ROM flexion?
80-90 deg; bend wrist so that palm nears lower end
What is wrist ROM extension?
70 deg; bend wrist up
What is wrist ROM radial deviation?
20 deg; bend wrist so that thumb nears radius
What is wrist ROM ulnar deviation?
30-50 deg; bend wrist so that pinky finger nears ulna
What type of joint is the ankle joint?
Hinge type with movement in one plane
What three bones meet to from the ankle joint?
talus, tibia, fibula
What is the talus?
ankle bone
What is dorsiflexion of the ankle?
20 deg; pointing toes up
What is plantarflexion of the ankle?
45 deg; pointing toes down
What type of ligaments does the ankle have?
Strong medial and weaker lateral
What is the subtalar joint?
Ankle joint where the talus and calcaneus meet
What type of movement does the subtalar joint allow for?
30 deg–inversion (turning feet inward) and 20 deg–eversion (turning feet outward)
What are the main joint movements of the neck?
flexion/extension; abduction (lateral flexion)/adduction (reduction); rotation
What are the main movements of the shoulder complex?
Acromicoclavicular: elevation/depression;
Glenohumeral: extension, abduction/adduction, rotation (internal/external);
Scapula: protraction/retraction
What are the main movements of the elbow?
Humeroradial: flexion/extension;
Humeroulnar: flexion/extension;
Raidioulnar: pronation/supination (of the forearm & hand)
What are the movements of the fingers?
flexion/extension, abduction/adduction
What are the movements of the toes?
flexion/extension
What are the 3 connective tissue functions?
protect/insulate internal organs;
bind together/support other tissue in the body;
compartmentalize or divide structures (like skeletal muscle)
Adipose tissue (fat) and blood are both considered connective tissue. (T/F)
True
What are ligaments?
They connect bone to bone; provide integrity/strength inside/outside synovial joints.
Ligaments are more prone to tearing than tendons. (T/F)
True
What are tendons?
Connect skeletal muscle to bone, cartilage or an adjoining muscle
What are often injured first before tendons are ruptured?
muscle or bone
What is fascia?
thin sheath of fibrous tissue, that is loose but strong, which provides support and some protection—encloses muscle or organ
How does fascia work?
Arranged in continuous “lines” through an entire muscle group, allowing force to be generated through an entire group
What three things can cause inflammation of fascia and corresponding muscle?
trauma, inactivity and muscle tension
What is fibrosis?
thickening or scarring of connective tissue
What is myofascial release?
soft tissue therapy that helps break the cycle of fibrosis by stimulating the stretch reflex, improving blood flow and relaxing contracted muscles
