5.1

Question 1

What is the difference between memory and metacognition?

Answer 1

Memory is information that persists over time; it is information that was acquired through different experiences and can be stored and retrieved. Metacognition is an awareness of one’s own cognitive process

Question 2

Describe the difference between semantic memory and episodic memory.

Answer 2

Semantic memory is knowledge, facts, general information. Episodic memory is experiences or events

Question 3

Identify the three different retention measures.

Answer 3

1) Can you recall the information? 2) Can you recognize the information? 3) Can you quickly relearn the information?

Question 4

What is the difference between explicit memories and implicit memories?

Answer 4

Explicit memories are memories that are consciously made. While implicit memories are information or skills that are learned without an individual’s awareness

Question 5

Provide an example of explicit memories and implicit memories.

Answer 5

Explicit memory: Learning information for a psychology test. Implicit memory: Remembering the different smells in the room while you were studying

Question 6

Describe parallel processing

Answer 6

This is when the brain processes a variety of things simultaneously; this is the brain’s normal mode of information processing when dealing with multiple bits of information

Question 7

How does effortful processing differ from automatic processing?

Answer 7

Effortful processing is intentional. These memories we have to consciously work to make, for example explicit memories. Automatic processing happens constantly without an individual trying, for example implicit memories

Question 8

Explain how an individual uses shallow processing to learn information.

Answer 8

This is when an individual encodes information on a basic level, the focus is on the appearance of words or basic structures of the information. There is little to no focus on the meaning

Question 9

Explain how an individual uses deep processing.

Answer 9

This is when an individual encodes information based on the meaning of the information. This tends to be better for retention of the information, here an individual will also work on taking new information and making connections to old information

Question 10

Compare and contrast iconic memory and echoic memory.

Answer 10

Both are sensory memories, which are memories that are very brief. Iconic memories are involved with visual information and echoic memories are involved with auditory information. Both of these memories only last for a couple of seconds, this is why you can sometimes see an afterglow of an image or remember the last couple of words someone said even if you were not paying attention

Question 11

What is the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 11

Maintenance rehearsal is when you continuously go over information to try and keep it in your working memory (shallow processing)While elaborative rehearsal is when you make associations between information you already know and information you are trying to learn (deep processing)

Question 12

Noam Chomsky

Answer 12

Believed that individuals were born with universal grammar and that individuals naturally learn to speak. He called the process of learning the language acquisition device

Question 13

Hermann Ebbinghaus

Answer 13

Conducted an experiment where he took random syllables and spent time trying to memorize them. He expanded our understanding of how memory and relearning work

Question 14

Wolfgang Kohler

Answer 14

Helped create gestalt psychology and was one of the first individuals to explore insight learning

Question 15

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 15

Focused on understanding memory. Researched the idea that memories were not always accurate and looked into how the brain could create false memories

Question 16

George A. Miller

Answer 16

Proposed that people can store about 1 to 7 pieces of information in their short-term memory