1.5-1.6

Question 1

Define operational definition.

Answer 1

A description of something in terms of procedures, actions, or processes by which it could be observed and measured.

Question 2

Why is it important to set operational definitions in an experiment?

Answer 2

It allows for the experiment to be replicated by others. It also shows what each variable in the experiment means and how they will be measured

Question 3

. What is the difference between a sample and population?

Answer 3

Population is all of the individuals in the group being studied. A sample is a selected group of people from the population which will represent the entire population

Question 4

Why do researchers often use samples for their studies instead of the entire population?

Answer 4

It can be difficult to get every person in a group to participate in a study and also expensive

Question 5

How is a random sample different from a stratified sample?

Answer 5

Random sampling is when each individual inapopulation has an equal chance of participating. Stratified sampling is when the population is divided into differentsubcategories and a random sample is taken from each subcategory

Question 6

Explain why many studies will want to have a representative sample.

Answer 6

Representative samples ensure that all of the different people in a population are represented in the study, which often allows the results of the study to apply to the population as a whole.

Question 7

Explain how sampling bias can impact a study.

Answer 7

Sampling bias is when the group representing the population in the survey does not represent the population. This causes the results to be skewed and prevents them from being used with the larger population.

Question 8

What is the role of the IACUC?

Answer 8

The IACUC is responsible for overseeing the protection of animals in studies.

Question 9

Identify two changes that could have been made to the Stanford Prison experiment that would have protected participants in the study.

Answer 9

1) Researchers could have had a third party oversee the experiment to make sure the experiment does not harm participants 2) Rules could have also been put in place and enforced that prevented the guards from creating a harmful physical and psychological environment for prisoners.

Question 10

.What are three things an experiment can have to make sure participants are protected

Answer 10

1) Informed consent 2) Positive, trustworthy environment 3) No unnecessary risk 4) Take precautions to prevent physical or psychological harm.

Question 11

Explain what informed consent is.

Answer 11

Informed consent is when participants have been given adequate information so that they understand the risks of a study and can make a rational decision on whether or not they want to participate in the study

Question 12

How does the Institutional Review Board make psychology research safer in colleges and universities around the United States
IRB

Answer 12

) Makes sure research is not unnecessarily risky 2) Ensures participants have adequate protection 3)Verifies that participants have privacy and confidentiality 4) Makes sure participants have informed consent

Question 13

1. What is the role of the American Psychological Association with ethical guidelines in psychology? APA

Answer 13

It is the governing board to study behavior. The APA has a set standard of ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct to ensure ethical standards in psychology

Question 14

What do correlational studies allow researchers to do?

Answer 14

Make predictions on what will happen in a study, and understand if there might be a relationship between two variables

Question 15

True or false. Correlational studies show researchers if there is a cause and effect between an independent variable and dependent variable. Explain your answer.

Answer 15

False. There could be confounding variables resulting in the third variable problem. Since it is not a controlled experiment there may be outside factors impacting the study

Question 16

TO find range

Answer 16

Greatest-least

Question 17

Mode

Answer 17

Most frequent number

Question 18

mean

Answer 18

(average) add and divide by the amount

Question 19

median

Answer 19

middle number

Question 20

What are the two measures of variability?

Answer 20

Standard deviation and range

Question 21

What are the three main measures of central tendency?

Answer 21

mean, median, mode

Question 22

What does a p value of .80 mean?

Answer 22

that the results are not statistically relevant and there is a 80 percent chance that the results were due to chance.

Question 23

Explain how you know if an experiment’s results are statistically significant

Answer 23

Data is statistically significant if the probability value is at or below .05. Meaning there is less than a 5% chance that the results were due to chance

Question 24

histogram vs bar graph

Answer 24

histogram has no spaces and bar graphs are in bars with spaces

Question 25

What does it mean to have a bimodal skew?

Answer 25

That the data has two peaks, which means there are two modes.

Question 26

Explain what it means to have a positive z score and what it means to have a negative z score in anormal distribution.

Answer 26

A positive z score means that the data is higher than the mean and a negative z score indicates the data is lower than the mean.

Question 27

When talking with your doctor you find out that you are in the 80 percentile for height. Explain what this means.

Answer 27

This means that you are taller than or the same height as 80% of people your age.

Question 28

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?

Answer 28

Quantitative data is numbers, facts, and it is not up for interpretation. Qualitative data is often in word form and is up for interpretation

Question 29

Explain the purpose of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

Answer 29

Researchers use descriptive statistics to organize and describe data. Inferential statistics are used by researchers to make predictions about their data to better determine if the data from a sample can be applied to the population.