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Drew 921 > 4_6FemaleReproductive > Flashcards

4_6FemaleReproductive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the layers of the vagina?

A

1) stratified squamous epithelium / mucosa; 2) lamina propria; 3) muscular layer; 4) adventitia

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2
Q

How thick is the mucosal layer of the vagina?

A

200-300um

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3
Q

Describe the composition of vaginal mucous.

A

1) exfoliated cells, 2) local gland secretions; 3) cervical mucous

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4
Q

What is the pH of the vagina?

A

3.8-4.5

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5
Q

What is the pH of the vagina post-menopause?

A

6-7.5

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6
Q

What are the pathwyas for absorption in the vagina?

A

1) transcellular, 2) paracellular, 3) receptor-mediated transport

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7
Q

What are the components of the ovary?

A

cortex, medulla, stroma

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8
Q

What is the ovarian cortex?

A

outer, dense layer consisting of follicles and oocytes

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9
Q

What is the ovarian medulla?

A

inner, looser layer consisting of blood, nerves, and lymph

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10
Q

What is the ovarian stroma?

A

CT of the ovary

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11
Q

What are the functions of the fallopian tubes?

A

1) open into peritoneal cavity to receive oocyte; 2) transport oocyte to uterus; 3) provide nutrients for oocyte

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12
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

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13
Q

Describe the perimetrium of the uterus

A

serous membrane

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14
Q

Describe the myometrium of the uterus

A

smooth muscle

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15
Q

Describe the endometrium of the uterus

A

mucous membrane

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16
Q

What are the various estrogens in menstruation?

A

1) 17-beta-estradiol; 2) estrone; 3) estriol

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17
Q

What are the 2 primary progestins?

A

1) progesterone, 2) 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone

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18
Q

What are the functions of the progestins?

A

1) promotes secretory endometrium in uterus for implantation; 2) promotes alveoli and lobuli development

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19
Q

What are the uterine phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

1) proliferative; 2) secretory; 3) menstruation

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20
Q

What is the mean age of menopause?

A

51.7

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21
Q

What are the symptoms of menopause?

A

hot flashes, irritability, night sweats, fatigue, anxiety, emotional disturbances

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22
Q

What are the phases of the female sex act?

A

1) excitement, 2) plateau, 3) orgasmic, 4) resolution

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23
Q

Define female infertility

A

the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse

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24
Q

What are the forms of female contraception?

A

1) rhythm method, 2) hormones, 3) IUDs, 4) plan B

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25
Q

What are the functions of estrogens?

A

1) female sex characteristics; 2) inhibit osteoclasts and long bone epiphyses fusion; 3) weak anabolic; 4) skin, Na/H2O retention

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26
Q

What do estrogens cause in the breasts?

A

1) stromal tissue, ducts, lipid deposits; 2) growth of milk-producing machinery

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27
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

the ciliated inner surface of the fallopian tubes

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28
Q

What is the ampulla?

A

the widest part of the fallopian tube where fertilization occurs

29
Q

What factors alter vaginal pH?

A

1) cycle, 2) sex activity, 3) infection, 4) semen

30
Q

What uterine layer is replaced every month during the cycle?

A

endometrium; except the deepest (basal) layer

31
Q

Characterize the cervix.

A

more rigid and less contractile than rest of uterus

32
Q

What is the function of the cervical canal?

A

mucous gland lining creates mucous plug except near ovulation when it changes to seromucous

33
Q

What prevents meiosis in the child?

A

MIF (maturation inhibitory factor)

34
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

1) follicular, 2) luteal

35
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A

1) theca externa releases proteases, 2) vascularization of follicular wall; 3) PG-mediated vasodilation

36
Q

How much does LH surge prior to ovulation?

A

6-10x

37
Q

How much does FSH spike during ovulation?

A

2-3x

38
Q

When does the LH/FSH spike occur?

A

16 hours before ovulation

39
Q

What is the function of the LH surge?

A

converts granulosa/theca cells to progesterone-secreting

40
Q

Describe the composition of theca cells?

A

theca interna = secretory (E2 and P4); theca externa = vascularized CT

41
Q

What happens during the follicular phase?

A

1) granulosa proliferation, 2) ovarian cells change to theca cells, 3) FSH recruits 6-12 primary follicles

42
Q

What is the function of granulosa cells?

A

secrete estrogen-containing follicular fluid; develop the antrum

43
Q

What is luteinization?

A

when granulosa/theca cells enlarge and accumulate lipids

44
Q

What is the function of granulosa cells in the luteal phase?

A

secrete progesterones much more than E2

45
Q

What is the function of theca cells during the luteal phase?

A

secrete androgens

46
Q

How long until the corpus luteum forms the corpus albicans?

A

7 days

47
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase of the uterine menstrual cycle?

A

1) epithelial proliferation (3-5mm), 2) vascularization, 3) development of uterine glands

48
Q

What occurs during the secretory phase of the uterine menstrual cycle?

A

1) epithelial thickening (5-6mm), 2) tortuous gland development, 3) lipid and glycogen secretion

49
Q

What cells secrete inhibin?

A

granulosa cells

50
Q

When does puberty begin, and what is the first sign?

A

11-16 yo with irregular periods

51
Q

What factors affect puberty onset?

A

1) genetics, 2) nutrition, 3) body composition, 4) fat deposition, 5) geographic location, 6) exposure to light, 7) exercise

52
Q

What causes menopause?

A

1) depletion of primary follicles and insensitivity to FSH/LH

53
Q

Describe hormone levels during menopause?

A

low estrogen, hi GnRH and FSH and LH

54
Q

What conditions have an increased risk postmenopause?

A

CVD, HTN, osteoporosis

55
Q

What occurs during the excitement phase?

A

1) erection (parasympathetic, NOS); 2) lubrication (bilateral barholin’s glands beneath labia minora)

56
Q

What occurs during the plateau phase?

A

HR, BP, RR, muscle tension

57
Q

What occurs during the orgasmic phase?

A

rhythmic contractions (SNS) help transport sperm

58
Q

What causes TSS?

A

Staph A or B

59
Q

What factors increase risk of TSS?

A

tampons and barrier contraceptives

60
Q

What factors may contribute to female infertility?

A

anovulation, inflammation of fallopian tubes, thick mucous, endometriosis, PCOS, PID, chlamydia, IUD/appendectomy adhesions

61
Q

What percentages of infertility are male-, female-, and idiopathically caused?

A

60% female, 25% male, 15% idiopathic

62
Q

What percentage of women are infertile?

A

14% of menstruating women

63
Q

What drives the pulsatile LH spikes?

A

electrical pulses in the mediobasal HT

64
Q

What causes menopause?

A

natural, also surgery and chemo

65
Q

What are causes of reproductive dysfunction?

A

hypogonadism and ovarian hypersecretion

66
Q

What causes hypogonadism?

A

1) congenital ovary absence, 2) removal of ovaries; 3) irregular menses/amenorrhea

67
Q

What are the causes of ovarian hypersecretion and what are the symptoms?

A

rare - normally have negative feedback (tumor); irregular bleeding

68
Q

What factors of vaginal mucous are variable, and on what do they depend?

A

release rate, viscosity, volume composition; depends on sex activity and hormones; and age

Drew 921 (33 decks)

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