4_6FemaleReproductive Flashcards by Drew Spargo

What are the layers of the vagina?

1) stratified squamous epithelium / mucosa; 2) lamina propria; 3) muscular layer; 4) adventitia

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How thick is the mucosal layer of the vagina?

200-300um

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Describe the composition of vaginal mucous.

1) exfoliated cells, 2) local gland secretions; 3) cervical mucous

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What is the pH of the vagina?

3.8-4.5

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What is the pH of the vagina post-menopause?

6-7.5

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What are the pathwyas for absorption in the vagina?

1) transcellular, 2) paracellular, 3) receptor-mediated transport

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What are the components of the ovary?

cortex, medulla, stroma

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What is the ovarian cortex?

outer, dense layer consisting of follicles and oocytes

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What is the ovarian medulla?

inner, looser layer consisting of blood, nerves, and lymph

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What is the ovarian stroma?

CT of the ovary

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What are the functions of the fallopian tubes?

1) open into peritoneal cavity to receive oocyte; 2) transport oocyte to uterus; 3) provide nutrients for oocyte

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What are the layers of the uterus?

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

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Describe the perimetrium of the uterus

serous membrane

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Describe the myometrium of the uterus

smooth muscle

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Describe the endometrium of the uterus

mucous membrane

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What are the various estrogens in menstruation?

1) 17-beta-estradiol; 2) estrone; 3) estriol

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What are the 2 primary progestins?

1) progesterone, 2) 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone

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What are the functions of the progestins?

1) promotes secretory endometrium in uterus for implantation; 2) promotes alveoli and lobuli development

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What are the uterine phases of the menstrual cycle?

1) proliferative; 2) secretory; 3) menstruation

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What is the mean age of menopause?

51.7

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What are the symptoms of menopause?

hot flashes, irritability, night sweats, fatigue, anxiety, emotional disturbances

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What are the phases of the female sex act?

1) excitement, 2) plateau, 3) orgasmic, 4) resolution

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Define female infertility

the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected intercourse

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What are the forms of female contraception?

1) rhythm method, 2) hormones, 3) IUDs, 4) plan B

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What are the functions of estrogens?

1) female sex characteristics; 2) inhibit osteoclasts and long bone epiphyses fusion; 3) weak anabolic; 4) skin, Na/H2O retention

What do estrogens cause in the breasts?

1) stromal tissue, ducts, lipid deposits; 2) growth of milk-producing machinery

What are fimbriae?

the ciliated inner surface of the fallopian tubes

What is the ampulla?

the widest part of the fallopian tube where fertilization occurs

What factors alter vaginal pH?

1) cycle, 2) sex activity, 3) infection, 4) semen

What uterine layer is replaced every month during the cycle?

endometrium; except the deepest (basal) layer

Characterize the cervix.

more rigid and less contractile than rest of uterus

What is the function of the cervical canal?

mucous gland lining creates mucous plug except near ovulation when it changes to seromucous

What prevents meiosis in the child?

MIF (maturation inhibitory factor)

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

1) follicular, 2) luteal

What occurs during ovulation?

1) theca externa releases proteases, 2) vascularization of follicular wall; 3) PG-mediated vasodilation

How much does LH surge prior to ovulation?

6-10x

How much does FSH spike during ovulation?

2-3x

When does the LH/FSH spike occur?

16 hours before ovulation

What is the function of the LH surge?

converts granulosa/theca cells to progesterone-secreting

Describe the composition of theca cells?

theca interna = secretory (E2 and P4); theca externa = vascularized CT

What happens during the follicular phase?

1) granulosa proliferation, 2) ovarian cells change to theca cells, 3) FSH recruits 6-12 primary follicles

What is the function of granulosa cells?

secrete estrogen-containing follicular fluid; develop the antrum

What is luteinization?

when granulosa/theca cells enlarge and accumulate lipids

What is the function of granulosa cells in the luteal phase?

secrete progesterones much more than E2

What is the function of theca cells during the luteal phase?

secrete androgens

How long until the corpus luteum forms the corpus albicans?

7 days

What occurs during the proliferative phase of the uterine menstrual cycle?

1) epithelial proliferation (3-5mm), 2) vascularization, 3) development of uterine glands

What occurs during the secretory phase of the uterine menstrual cycle?

1) epithelial thickening (5-6mm), 2) tortuous gland development, 3) lipid and glycogen secretion

What cells secrete inhibin?

granulosa cells

When does puberty begin, and what is the first sign?

11-16 yo with irregular periods

What factors affect puberty onset?

1) genetics, 2) nutrition, 3) body composition, 4) fat deposition, 5) geographic location, 6) exposure to light, 7) exercise

What causes menopause?

1) depletion of primary follicles and insensitivity to FSH/LH

Describe hormone levels during menopause?

low estrogen, hi GnRH and FSH and LH

What conditions have an increased risk postmenopause?

CVD, HTN, osteoporosis

What occurs during the excitement phase?

1) erection (parasympathetic, NOS); 2) lubrication (bilateral barholin's glands beneath labia minora)

What occurs during the plateau phase?

HR, BP, RR, muscle tension

What occurs during the orgasmic phase?

rhythmic contractions (SNS) help transport sperm

What causes TSS?

Staph A or B

What factors increase risk of TSS?

tampons and barrier contraceptives

What factors may contribute to female infertility?

anovulation, inflammation of fallopian tubes, thick mucous, endometriosis, PCOS, PID, chlamydia, IUD/appendectomy adhesions

What percentages of infertility are male-, female-, and idiopathically caused?

60% female, 25% male, 15% idiopathic

What percentage of women are infertile?

14% of menstruating women

What drives the pulsatile LH spikes?

electrical pulses in the mediobasal HT

What causes menopause?

natural, also surgery and chemo

What are causes of reproductive dysfunction?

hypogonadism and ovarian hypersecretion

What causes hypogonadism?

1) congenital ovary absence, 2) removal of ovaries; 3) irregular menses/amenorrhea

What are the causes of ovarian hypersecretion and what are the symptoms?

rare - normally have negative feedback (tumor); irregular bleeding

What factors of vaginal mucous are variable, and on what do they depend?

release rate, viscosity, volume composition; depends on sex activity and hormones; and age