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Drew 921 > 4_2WeightRegulation > Flashcards

4_2WeightRegulation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the law of conservation of energy?

A

the total energy of an isolated system is constant

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2
Q

What components affect “calories in”?

A

consumption and energy extraction

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3
Q

What is energy extraction?

A

the capacity to extract calories from food (variable among patients; microbes may play role)

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4
Q

What factors affect “calories out”?

A

1) BMR, 2) physical activity, 3) tissue repair, 4) thermogenesis

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5
Q

RQ equation

A

RQ = CO2 produced / O2 produced

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6
Q

RQ of carb

A

1

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7
Q

RQ of protein

A

0.8

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8
Q

RQ of fat

A

0.7

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9
Q

What are the components of adaptive thermogenesis?

A

1) cold-induced shivering, 2) cold-induced non-shivering; 3) diet-induced

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10
Q

What are the components of Total Energy Loss?

A

Adaptive Thermogenesis + 1) BMR, 2) thermic effect of food, 3) thermic effect of exercise

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11
Q

What is actual energy used?

A

total energy loss + physical activity, growth, reproduction

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12
Q

How is BMR regulated?

A

1) primarily TH, 2) Leptin, 3) GH/insulin, 4) SNS/PNS, 5) thermoregulation via shivering and cytokines for fever

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13
Q

How is shivering activated?

A

sensory neurons in skin go to HT, the primary shivering motor center

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14
Q

Define hunger.

A

physiological need for food or specific nutrient

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15
Q

Define appetite

A

psychological desire for food

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16
Q

Define orexigenic

A

appetite stimulant

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17
Q

Define anorexigenic

A

appetite suppressant

18
Q

Define satiety

A

state of satisfaction

19
Q

What is the RER?

A

resting energy ratio, which is approxiately equal to RQ

20
Q

What is the purpose of the RER?

A

reflective of fuel utilization

21
Q

Which nutrient is preferentially stored and why?

A

lipids - efficiency

22
Q

How many kilocalories = 1 pound?

A

3500

23
Q

How can resistance to diet-induced obesity be caused?

A

1) transdifferentiation/beiging, 2) impact mitochondrial function, 3) enhance UCP protein leaks, 4) also, satiety (not metabolic)

24
Q

GLP-1 impact on satiety

A

ANorexigenic

25
Q

CCK impact on satiety

A

ANorexigenic

26
Q

PYY impact on satiety

A

ANorexigenic: inhibits orexigenic neurons

27
Q

Leptin impact on satiety

A

ANorexigenic: works on orexigenic and anorexigenic neurons

28
Q

Insulin impact on satiety

A

ANorexigenic: stimulates anorexigenic neurons

29
Q

Ghrelin impact on satiety

A

Orexigenic: stimulates orexigenic neurons

30
Q

Where do neuroendocrine satiety factors stimulate an/orexigenic neurons?

A

in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus

31
Q

Where are 2nd order neurons of the neuroendocrine adipose-gut axis located?

A

PVN of hypothalamus

32
Q

Where is the satiety center?

A

nucleus tractus solitarius

33
Q

What protein products do the orexigenic neurons contain?

A

AgRP and NPY

34
Q

What protein products do the anorexigenic neurons contain?

A

POMC and CART

35
Q

Where is ghrelin released?

A

the EMPTY stomach

36
Q

Where is PYY released?

A

small intestine

37
Q

How do leptin and the neuro-endocrine gut factors differ?

A

leptin is long term; others are short-term

38
Q

Where do the gut factors stimulate in addition to the arcuate nucleus?

A

Vagus nerve, which projects to the brainstem. Brainstem connects with PVN and NTS

39
Q

What roles do the gut flora play in obesity?

A

1) induce tissue change, 2) influence extraction

40
Q

How do gut flora induce tissue change?

A

affect beta-oxidation, inflammation (LPS), lipogenesis, incretin secretion, and butyrate production; sum of effects is to change insulin sensitivity

41
Q

What factors of gut flora improve insulin sensitivity?

A

butyrate production from large intestine, incretin secretion from epithelium

42
Q

What factors of gut flora decrease insulin sensitivity?

A

LPS from adipose, short chain fatty acids from liver that cause lipogenesis, FIAF/AMPK in muscle that cause fatty acid oxidation

Drew 921 (33 decks)

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