4_2WeightRegulation Flashcards
What is the law of conservation of energy?
the total energy of an isolated system is constant
What components affect “calories in”?
consumption and energy extraction
What is energy extraction?
the capacity to extract calories from food (variable among patients; microbes may play role)
What factors affect “calories out”?
1) BMR, 2) physical activity, 3) tissue repair, 4) thermogenesis
RQ equation
RQ = CO2 produced / O2 produced
RQ of carb
1
RQ of protein
0.8
RQ of fat
0.7
What are the components of adaptive thermogenesis?
1) cold-induced shivering, 2) cold-induced non-shivering; 3) diet-induced
What are the components of Total Energy Loss?
Adaptive Thermogenesis + 1) BMR, 2) thermic effect of food, 3) thermic effect of exercise
What is actual energy used?
total energy loss + physical activity, growth, reproduction
How is BMR regulated?
1) primarily TH, 2) Leptin, 3) GH/insulin, 4) SNS/PNS, 5) thermoregulation via shivering and cytokines for fever
How is shivering activated?
sensory neurons in skin go to HT, the primary shivering motor center
Define hunger.
physiological need for food or specific nutrient
Define appetite
psychological desire for food
Define orexigenic
appetite stimulant
Define anorexigenic
appetite suppressant
Define satiety
state of satisfaction
What is the RER?
resting energy ratio, which is approxiately equal to RQ
What is the purpose of the RER?
reflective of fuel utilization
Which nutrient is preferentially stored and why?
lipids - efficiency
How many kilocalories = 1 pound?
3500
How can resistance to diet-induced obesity be caused?
1) transdifferentiation/beiging, 2) impact mitochondrial function, 3) enhance UCP protein leaks, 4) also, satiety (not metabolic)
GLP-1 impact on satiety
ANorexigenic
