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Drew 921 > 3_Pituitary > Flashcards

3_Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

From where is the anterior pituitary derived?

A

Rathke’s Pouch as an epithelial invagination of the pharynx

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2
Q

What hormone do somatotropes secrete?

A

GH

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3
Q

What hormone do corticotropes secrete?

A

ACTH

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4
Q

What hormone do thryotropes secrete?

A

TSH

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5
Q

What hormone do gonadotropes secrete?

A

FSH/LH

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6
Q

What hormone do lactotropes secrete?

A

PRL

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7
Q

What kinds of hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

peptide

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8
Q

What are the most prevalent 3 hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary?

A

1) GH (30-40%), 2) ACTH (20%), 3) TSH (3-5%)

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9
Q

How is the anterior pituitary under neural control?

A

parvicellular neurons secrete releasing factors into the median eminence

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10
Q

From where is the posterior pituitary derived?

A

neural hypothalamic outgrowth – glial cells

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11
Q

From where are hormones released in the posterior pituitary?

A

from magnocellular neurons in the PVN & SON

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12
Q

How do the anterior & posterior pituitary blood supplies differ?

A

anterior: portal; posterior: independent

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13
Q

What kinds of hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

2 peptide hormoens

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14
Q

Neurons with THIS ORIGIN secrete ADH.

A

SON

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15
Q

Neurons with THIS ORIGIN secrete oxytocin.

A

PVN

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16
Q

How is oxytocin release stimulated?

A

suckling

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17
Q

What are the effects of oxytocin?

A

uterine contractions & milk expression

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18
Q

What releasing factors does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

TRH, GnRH, CRH, GHRH, somatostatin, PIH/dopamine

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of HT releasing factors in terms of secretion and action?

A

pulsatile secretion due to neural origin; affect specific GPCRs in the anterior pituitary

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20
Q

To what hormones is GH ancestrally related?

A

hCS & PRL

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21
Q

Describe the structure of GH.

A

191 AA with 2 S-S bridges

22
Q

Describe the half-life of GH.

A

20 minutes

23
Q

What things increase GH secretion?

A

GHRH, hypoglycemia, ghrelin

24
Q

What things decrease GH release?

A

somatostatin, GH, IGFs, hyperglycemia

25
Q

What things increase PRL secretion?

A

suckling, TRH, PRFs

26
Q

What things decrease PRL secretion?

A

dopamine/PIH

27
Q

What is the primary effect of GH?

A

gluconeogenesis

28
Q

Where are IGFs produced?

A

liver

29
Q

Describe the secretion pattern of GH.

A

circadian rhythm = 5 pulses per day, greates during sleep. Highest levels at puberty, lowest in elderly years.

30
Q

Describe the signaling pathway for the GH receptor.

A

RTK via JAK-STAT pathway

31
Q

What is the transcription factor produced by the JAK-STAT pathway?

A

2 STAT-P

32
Q

What are the negative feedback pathways on GH?

A

IGFs and glucose, both inhibitory

33
Q

What are the metabolic effects of GH?

A

adipose: increased lipolysis; liver: IGFs & gluconeogenesis; muscle: increased protein synthesis

34
Q

What are the effects of IGFs?

A

somatic cell growth and increased chondrocyte function

35
Q

What is the other name for IGF-1?

A

somatomedin C

36
Q

What is the receptor for IGF-1?

A

IGF1R1, an RTK; also 6 others and the insulin receptor

37
Q

Why does IGF-1 mainly cause the metabolic effects of GH?

A

longer half-life (binding proteins are stable)

38
Q

When is IGF-1 deficient?

A

pygmies

39
Q

What is the treatment for dwarfism/panhypopituitarism?

A

GH/hormone replacement

40
Q

What is the cause of dwarfism?

A

GH deficiency during childhood

41
Q

What is the manifestation for panhypopituitarism?

A

congenital or acquired

42
Q

What is Sheehan’s Syndrome?

A

postpartum hypopituitarism

43
Q

What causes Sheehan’s syndrome?

A

lactotroph hyperplasia during pregnancy = enlargement = ischemia after blood loss during delivery

44
Q

What generally causes hyperpituitarism?

A

an acidophilic (somatotrophic) cell tumor

45
Q

When does hyperpituitarism cause gigantism?

A

if hyperpituitarism prior to epiphysis fusion (pre-pubertal)

46
Q

When does hyperpituitarism cause acromegaly?

A

if hyperpituitarism after epiphysis fusion (post-pubertal)

47
Q

What is the treatment for gigantism?

A

surgery and/or irradiation

48
Q

What is the treatment for acromegaly?

A

surgery, GHIH, GH antagonists

49
Q

What are the complications of gigantism?

A

T2DM and hypopituitarism

50
Q

What are the signs of acromegaly?

A

thickening of long bones, growth of soft tissue, membranous bones leading to kyphosis

51
Q

What are the complications of acromegaly?

A

heart disease, T2DM, sleep apnea, arthritis, sweating

Drew 921 (33 decks)

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