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Drew 921 > 1_IntroToEndocrinology > Flashcards

1_IntroToEndocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

How is NE synthesized

A

from Tyrosine

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2
Q

How is epinephrine synthesized?

A

Norepi + SAM via phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

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3
Q

Which catecholamine is primarily a neurotransmitter?

A

NE

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4
Q

Describe the action of an autocrine factor?

A

acts on the same cell type nearby

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5
Q

Describe the action of a paracrine factor.

A

acts on many nearby cell types

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6
Q

Describe the action of an intracrine factor.

A

acts inside the same cell, but also in a minor fashion through paracrine or endocrine mechanisms. Linked to nuclear receptors.

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7
Q

what molecules act as intracrine factors?

A

intermediate metabolites, FFAs, oxysterols, retinoids, phospholipids

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8
Q

what is the structure of arachidonic acid?

A

20:4 (delta)5,8,11,14

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9
Q

what is the structure of linoleic acid?

A

18:2 (delta)9,12

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10
Q

describe the pharmacokinetics of eicosanoids.

A

short half-life; metabolized in lung and surrounding tissues

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11
Q

What molecules fall in the eicosanoid category?

A

PGE2, TX, PGI2, leukotrienes, lipoxins, PGE1

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12
Q

What is the major function of the eicosanoids?

A

local regulation of blood flow

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13
Q

How are cytokines classified?

A

by structure and by function

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14
Q

What is the function of the type 1 cytokines?

A

innate immune response

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15
Q

What is the function of the type 2 cytokines?

A

acquired immune response

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16
Q

What are the 4 structural classes of cytokines?

A

1) 4 alpha-helix bundle: IL2, IL10, interferon; 2) IL-1, 3) IL-17; 4) chemokines (NCP-1)

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17
Q

What are cytokines?

A

soluble peptides/glycoproteins secreted to act distally

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18
Q

What factors are secreted in an autocrine or paracrine fashion?

A

eicosanoids, cytokines, adipokines

19
Q

What are the functions of miRNA?

A

mRNA target cleavage; translational repression; mRNA deadenylation

20
Q

How are miRNAs released into the blood?

A

protein complexes; apoptotic bodies; exosomes

21
Q

What are the types of hormones?

A

1) intracrine; 2) autocrine/paracrine, 3) endocrine; 4) neuroendocrine; 5) miRNA

22
Q

How are hormone concentrations regulated?

A

1) secretion; 2) transport; 3) clearance

23
Q

Describe the relative half-lives of peptides, catecholamines, and steroids.

A

catecholamines = seconds; peptides = minutes-days; steroids = hours

24
Q

How are hormones cleared?

A

binding, catabolism, excretion

25
Q

What is a diurnal rhythm?

A

daily

26
Q

what is an infradian rhythm?

A

longer & more varied than diurnal

27
Q

What hormones function on diurnal rhythms?

A

cortisol, androstenedione, DHEA; all are higher in the morning

28
Q

What processes function on infradian rhythms?

A

menstruation, breeding, seasonal rhythms

29
Q

How can hormone catabolism be prevented?

A

point mutations

30
Q

What are examples of adipokines?

A

leptin, adiponectin, TNF-alpha, PAI-1, RBP-4

31
Q

What are the functions of adipokines?

A

appetite control and inflammation

32
Q

What did Arnold Berthold do?

A

“ablation and replacement” of roosters testes to evaluate sex behavior

33
Q

What is the function of a signal sequence, and on which type of molecule is it located?

A

the first AA sequence which allows pre-prohormoneof a peptide hormone entry into rough ER during translation

34
Q

How are peptide hormones generally secreted?

A

as the prohormone

35
Q

What are the classes of hormones?

A

protein/peptide, steroid, tyrosine derivatives

36
Q

What is the precurose for steroid hormones?

A

cholesterol

37
Q

What is the rate-limiting step in steroid synthesis?

A

cholesterol via CYP450scc to pregnenolone

38
Q

What is T4?

A

thyroxine

39
Q

What is T3?

A

3,5,3’-triiodothyronine

40
Q

What are the precursors for eicosanoids?

A

arachidonic & linoleic acids

41
Q

Describe the relative storage characteristics between the 3 classes of hormones?

A

peptides (most)&raquo_space; catecholamines&raquo_space; steroids

42
Q

Which classes of hormones are bound in the plasma?

A

steroids (90%) and the peptides CRH & GH

43
Q

Which classes of hormones are free in the plasma?

A

peptides and catecholamines

44
Q

On what order of concentration are the hormones in the plasma?

A

ng/mL or pg/mL

Drew 921 (33 decks)

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