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Drew 921 > 4_5MaleReproductive > Flashcards

4_5MaleReproductive Flashcards

1
Q

How much of semen is contributed by the prostate?

A

30%

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2
Q

How much of semen is contributed by the seminal vesicles?

A

60%

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3
Q

Describe the characteristics of prostate gland secretions?

A

thin, milky, and slightly alkaline

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4
Q

What are the contents of prostate gland secretions?

A

1) clotting factors; 2) profibrinolysin; 3) ca, citrate, po4

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5
Q

pH of vas deferens

A

3.5-4

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6
Q

pH of vagina

A

3.5-4

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7
Q

pH at which sperm motility is active?

A

6+

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8
Q

What is the function of prostate gland secretion?

A

activating sperm motility

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9
Q

What are the components of seminal vesicle secretions?

A

1) fibrinogen, 2) alkali, 3) fructose, citric acid, nutrients; 4) PGs

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10
Q

What is the function of PGs of semen?

A

1) receptive cervical mucous for good motility; 2) reverse peristalsis in uterus and fallopian tubes

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11
Q

How much of semen is contributed by the bulbourethral glands?

A

5%

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12
Q

What are the components of the bulbourethral secretions?

A

mucous (right before ejaculation) for neutrilizing pH of urethra/vagina

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13
Q

What are the accessory glands of the male repro system?

A

1) prostate, 2) seminal vesicles, 3) bulbourethral glands

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14
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubule

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15
Q

Where does spermiogenesis occur?

A

rete testis

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16
Q

What are the 3 phases of the male sex act?

A

1) erection, 2) lubrication, 3) emission and ejaculation

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17
Q

Describe the structure of sperm

A

head, neck, body, tail

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18
Q

What is the function of the acrosome?

A

supply of hyaluronidase and proteolytic enzymes

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19
Q

What is the function of the sperm body?

A

rich in mitochondria for motility

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20
Q

What is the function of the tail?

A

corkscrew movement for propulsion

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21
Q

Describe the composition of the sperm tail.

A

microtubules

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22
Q

Where do sperm mature?

A

epididymis

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23
Q

Where are mature sperm stored?

A

vas deferens

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24
Q

How long do sperm live in the female tract?

A

1-2 days

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25
Q

How fast do sperm move?

A

1-4 mm/min

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26
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

granulosa cells surrounding the ovum

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27
Q

When and for how long does male puberty occur?

A

9-14 yo lasting 2-4.5 years

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28
Q

What is the first sign of male puberty?

A

testes enlargement (2.5+ cm)

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29
Q

Where is inhibit secreted?

A

sertoli cells

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30
Q

How long does spermiogenesis take?

A

21 days

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31
Q

Describe the timeframe and production rate of spermatogenesis.

A

constant 74 day process making 10^8 spermatids per day

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32
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

the change from spermatid to spermatozoa

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33
Q

How long does it take for a spermatozoa to mature in the epididymis and gain motility?

A

18-24 hours

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34
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum?

A

spongy tissue surrounding the urethra

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35
Q

What is the corpus cavernosum?

A

there are 2 cavernosa that surround central arteries

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36
Q

What occurs during the erection phase?

A

parasympathetic system dilates erectile tissue

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37
Q

What occurs during the lubrication phase?

A

parasympathetic system stimulates urethral and bulbourethral mucous secretions

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38
Q

What occurs during emission?

A

sympathetic stimulation causes 1) vas deferens contracts to propel sperm into urethra; 2) seminal glands and prostate empty and mix with mucous

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39
Q

Where does capacitation occur and why does it occur?

A

in vagina; required for mature sperm to be able to fertilize

40
Q

How is the zona pellucida held together?

A

hyaluronic acid

41
Q

Describe the steps in the acrosomal reaction.

A

1) sperm binds specific zona pellucida receptors; 2) acrosome membrane dissolves to release enzymes; 3) pathway for fertilization opened; 4) blockage to polyspermy

42
Q

Describe the steps in capacitation.

A

1) fibrinogen clot near cervix digested by slow-acting fibrinolysin; 2) loss of inhibitory factors from male; 3) depletion of acrosomal cholesterol; 4) increased membrane Pe to Ca++ increases flagellum activity and initiates acrosome reaction

43
Q

What happens when the sperm’s membrane becomes more permeable to Ca++ during capacitation?

A

increased tail activity and initiation of acrosome reaction

44
Q

How long does it take for fibrinolysin to act?

A

15-30 min

45
Q

What causes the clot near the cervix?

A

fibrinogen + prostate’s clotting factors

46
Q

Where is gonadal testosterone synthesized?

A

leydig cells

47
Q

How does testosterone circulate in the plasma?

A

bound to sex steroid binding globulin

48
Q

Describe the circulating [testosterone] over lifetime.

A

high in fetal/neonatal patients for 1 year; then peak in puberty and decline at 50 yo

49
Q

What is the most active form of testosterone?

A

dihydrotestosterone (DHT)

50
Q

How is testosterone excreted?

A

converted to weak androgens or glucuronidated/sulfated then peed out

51
Q

What is the fate of testosterone in tissues?

A

converted to DHT by 5-alpha-reductase

52
Q

What causes testical enlargement in puberty?

A

trophic effects of FSH and LH on seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells

53
Q

When is inhibin secreted?

A

when spermatogenesis rate is fast

54
Q

What is the effect of FSH?

A

acts on sertoli cell to stimulate spermatogenesis

55
Q

What is the effect of LH?

A

acts on Leydig cell to stimulate testosterone synthesis

56
Q

What kinds of hormones are LH/FSH?

A

glycoproteins

57
Q

What are the effects of testosterone?

A

binds androgen receptor to: 1) cause primary sex characteristics and testical descent (3rd trimester) in fetus; 2) cause secondary sex characteristics; 3) increase BMR; 4) increase BMR

58
Q

What is the concentration of RBCs in males?

A

700,000/mL

59
Q

What do Sertoli cells do?

A

nursemaid cells that support spermatogonia (spermatogenesis) and secrete inhibin

60
Q

Describe feedback regulation of the HT-Pituitary-Testicular axis.

A

1) testosterone: -AP, -HT, +Sertoli (inhibin); 2) inhibin: -AP, -HT

61
Q

To which receptors to LH/FSH bind?

A

G-alpha-s

62
Q

What is andropause?

A

a slow decline in 2ndary sex characteristics beginning in 40s and 50s; LH constant but FSH increases with aging

63
Q

What are causes of premature ejaculation?

A

anxiety and learned behavior

64
Q

What are treatments for premature ejaculation?

A

BMOD, SSRIs

65
Q

In what population is ED most prevalent?

A

40-70 years (52%)

66
Q

What are causes of ED?

A

1) vascular disease, 2) radiation/surgery for prostate cancer, 3) spinal cord injury, 4) stress, 5) drugs

67
Q

What drugs can cause ED?

A

diuretics, antidepressants, antilipidemics, antihypertensives, tranquilizers, hormones, EtOH, cocaine, marijuana

68
Q

What drugs treat ED?

A

sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenifil

69
Q

When are PD5-I’s C/I?

A

recent MI or stroke since PDE-5 is in heart

70
Q

What are ADRs of PDE5-I’s?

A

congestion, flushing, dizziness, dyspepsia

71
Q

What is eunichism?

A

loss of testes before puberty

72
Q

What is hypogonadism?

A

when a non-functional testes during fetal life gives no primary sex characteristics

73
Q

What are causes of hypogonadism?

A

1) eunichism, 2) castration after puberty, 3) hypothalamic eunichism

74
Q

What is benign prostatic fibroadenoma?

A

BPH leading to urinary obstruction NOT caused by testosterone

75
Q

What are the two types of testicular cancers?

A

1) interstitial cell tumor, 2) germinal epithelial tumor

76
Q

Describe the development of prostate cancer.

A

Initiation somehow, then testosterone causes rapid growth

77
Q

Which testicular cancer is more common?

A

germinal epithelial tumor

78
Q

How is an interstitial cell tumor diagnosed?

A

quick sexual development in children; hard to tell in adults

79
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

a tumor of many types of cells (totipotent)

80
Q

Though uncommon, what hormones can be secreted by a germinal epithelial testicular tumor?

A

hCG (if placental tissue develops), or estrogen (causing gynecomastia)

81
Q

What are the reactions behind erection?

A

1) L-Arg – NO + citrulline (via NOS); 2) GMP – cGMP (via guanylate cyclase); 3) cGMP – GMP (via PDE5)

82
Q

How does cGMP give an erection?

A

relaxes smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosa

83
Q

How is guanylate cyclase activated?

A

NO

84
Q

How is male infertility diagnosed?

A

1) less than 20 million sperm/mL; 2) or, less than 40% motility; 3) or, less than 40% normal morphology

85
Q

What are the causes of male infertility?

A

1) anabolic steroid use, 2) STDs, chemo/radiation; 3) viral orchitis/mumps; 4) low testosterone (hypogonadism or hypopituitarism)

86
Q

What are the various methods for male birth control?

A

1) vasectomy, 2) hormonal, 3) immunocontraception

87
Q

Is vasectomy reversible?

A

yes, unless interstitial fibrosis of the testes occurs

88
Q

Describe hormonal contraception.

A

In europe, testosterone and progestagin yielded azospermia in 6-8 weeks

89
Q

What are the various types of immunocontraception?

A

1) vaccines that target gamete production via hormones; 2) vaccines that target gamete function via zona pellucida and sperm; 3) vaccines that target gamete outcome via hCG

90
Q

When do the seminal vesicles empty?

A

right after the sperm go through

91
Q

What is needed to stimulate spermatogenesis?

A

GH stimulates; but LH also required

92
Q

What happens at birth regarding spermatogenesis?

A

primordial germ cell enters testis to become spermatogonia

93
Q

What happens at puberty regarding spermatogenesis?

A

spermatogonia migrate toward lumen among Sertoli cells and spermatogenesis is triggered

94
Q

How can prostate cancer be inhibited?

A

estrogens or testicle removal (both indicate carcinoma of the prostate)

95
Q

What factors give a false positive for PSA?

A

inflammation of the prostate

96
Q

When does PSA no work?

A

if PSA less than 2 and no lesions by digital exam - 30% still had carcinoma

Drew 921 (33 decks)

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