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Drew 921 > 4_1Adipose > Flashcards

4_1Adipose Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of adipose?

A

1) insulation and organ protection; 2) drug metabolism; 3) energy storage/expenditure; 4) endocrine

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2
Q

What are the endocrine functions of adipose?

A

1) regulation of body weight; 2) insulin sensitivity; 3) inflammation

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3
Q

From what does adipose protect organs?

A

protects from intertial injury and excessive movement

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4
Q

Where is brown fat stored?

A

1) supraclavicular; 2) subscapular

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5
Q

What are the types of adipose?

A

WAT (SQ and Visceral) and BAT

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6
Q

How does adipose tissue vary?

A

by type and location

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7
Q

Describe the cellularity of VAT

A

mostly unilocular

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8
Q

Describe the cellularity of BAT

A

multilocular and uniform

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9
Q

Describe the cellularity of SAT.

A

unilocular with some multilocular (more heterogeneous than VAT)

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10
Q

What are pericytes?

A

adipocyte stem cells

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11
Q

Where are pericytes located?

A

lining of vasculature with mature adipocytes

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12
Q

What is the function of WAT?

A

storage and endocrine

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13
Q

What is the function of BAT?

A

non-shivering thermogenesis

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14
Q

What was dinitrophenolamine (DNP)?

A

a former drug that induced beiging by uncoupline the H+ gradient; no longer on market due to abuse and OD

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15
Q

Which adipocytes are associated with the healthy pear-shape?

A

SAT

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16
Q

Which adipocytes are associated with the unhealthy apple shape?

A

VAT

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of WAT?

A

SAT and VAT

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18
Q

What type of fat is associated with inflammation and metabolic disease?

A

VAT!

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19
Q

How do adipocytes vary?

A

cellularity and function

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20
Q

Describe the presence of BAT throughout life.

A

abundant in newborns and declines with age; induced by constant cold

21
Q

What are beige adipocytes?

A

an intermediate phenotype that is susceptible to environmental and pharmacologial induction

22
Q

What is the function of uncoupling proteins (UCPs)?

A

uncouple the ATP/H+ gradient to allow H+ travel from intermembrane space to matrix

23
Q

What proteins are upregulated in beige adipocytes?

A

UCP1 (also UCP-2 and -3)

24
Q

What cells do Myf5+ cells differentiate to?

A

white or beige adipocytes

25
Q

What cells do Myf5- cell differentiate to?

A

brown adipocytes

26
Q

What is transdifferentiation?

A

the induction of white fat to beige fat

27
Q

What substances induce transdifferentiation in animal models?

A

norepi and beta-3 agonists

28
Q

What is the precursor to Myf5+/- cells?

A

mesenchymal cell

29
Q

What is DGAT?

A

diacylglycerol transferase

30
Q

What is ATGL?

A

adipocyte TG lipase

31
Q

What are the pathways for TG synthesis in adipose?

A

1) from FFAs (major); 2) de novo from glucose (minor)

32
Q

How is TG synthesis stimulated in adipose?

A

insulin

33
Q

What reaction is catalyzed by ATGL?

A

TG – DAG

34
Q

What reaction is catalyzed by HSL?

A

DAG – MAG – FA + glycerol

35
Q

What is the function of perilipin?

A

when de-phosphorylated, it prevents lipase access to TGs

36
Q

What substances stimulate the phosphorylation of perilipin?

A

catecholamines

37
Q

What is the function of catecholamines in adipose?

A

phosphorylation of perilipin and HSL

38
Q

Which form of HSL is active?

A

phosphorylated

39
Q

What form of perilipin allows ATGL access to TGs?

A

phosphorylated

40
Q

How do catecholamines initiate signal transduction?

A

bind to G-alpha-S to initate the cAMP/PKA pathway

41
Q

What is the primary function of leptin?

A

long-term regulation of body weight to limit weight gain/loss during positive/negative energy balances

42
Q

What are the effects of leptin?

A

increased energy expenditure: 1) decreased SNS activity; 2) decreased TSH; 3) decreased GnRH; 4) increased glucocorticoids;;; decreased food intake

43
Q

When is leptin released?

A

more released during positive energy balance

44
Q

How do leptin levels vary?

A

levels of synthesis and secretion correlate with changes in adipose mass (no oscillation between meals)

45
Q

How is adipose defended (with regard to liposuction report)?

A

removal of SQ fat yields decreased leptin. Decreased leptin decreases energy expenditure. Fat returns as VAT

46
Q

Why do most fatty acids leave the adipose for beta-oxidation?

A

adipose lacks lots of mitochondria

47
Q

What is the de novo pathway for TG synthesis?

A

glucose yields G3P and pyruvate. Pyruvate converted to acetyl-CoA and to fatty acids. Fatty acids are activated and esterified via DGAT to G3P

48
Q

What are the anabolic fates of DAG?

A

1) TG, 2) phospholipid synthesis

Drew 921 (33 decks)

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