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AA > 4.4_2 Renal II > Flashcards

4.4_2 Renal II Flashcards

1
Q

Does the medulla have high or low osmolarity?

A

HIGH

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2
Q

Osmolarity =

A

Osmoles / liter

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3
Q

What is the osmolarity of 150 nM NaCl? (in most / L)

A

300

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4
Q

What is the medulla’s saltiness due to?

A

The countercurrent multiplier system in the Loop of Henle

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5
Q

Three essential features of the countercurrent multiplier system in the Loop of Henle

A
  1. Filtrate countercurrent
  2. Differential water permeability
  3. Countercurrent blood flow
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6
Q

Filtrate countercurrent

A

Tubular fluid flows in the opposite direction in descending and ascending limbs

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7
Q

Differential water permeability

A

Ascending and descending limb have different permeabilities to water

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8
Q

Is the ascending limb permeable to water?

A

No, it is thick and impermeable to water

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9
Q

What does the ascending limb do?

A

Actively transports ions out of the tubular fluid into the interstitial space

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10
Q

Is the descending limb permeable to water?

A

Yes, the entire limb is permeable to water

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11
Q

Countercurrent blood flow

A

Blood in vasa recta also flows in opposite direction to the tubular fluid

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12
Q

In the ascending limb, __________ transport NaCl at ________ membrane… drags NaCl out of filtrate across _______ into ________

A

ATP driven pumps
Basolateral
Tubule epithelial cells
Interstitial space

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13
Q

First step of counter current multiplier

A

Pumps Na+ from filtrate into surrounding interstitial space

Water can’t follow

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14
Q

Is filtrate entering the DCT dilute or salty?

A

Dilute

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15
Q

What happens with the vasa recite near the ascending limb?

A

Water from plasma chases salt into interstitial space, vasa recta plasma becomes saltier as it heads towards descending limb

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16
Q

Why does the water in filtrate move out in the descending limb?

A

Because it is
Chasing salt pumped out by ascending limb in interstitial space
Chasing salty blood in vasa recta

17
Q

Vasa recta by the descending limb

A

Some salts leave chasing water from filtrate (adds salt to interstitial space)

18
Q

What happens to the water left in the vasa recta

A

Re-enters blood, gets whisked aways to the heart

19
Q

The combination of the Loop of Henle and vasa recta capillaries establish…

A

An osmotic gradient

20
Q

What is the osmolarity of the interstitial fluid at the base of the Loop of Henle?

A

~1200 mOsmoles

-Super salty!

21
Q

Is the filtrate salty or dilute at the base of the loop of Henle?

A

Very salty, but it does not matter because the salt will be extracted as it rises up the ascending limb

22
Q

The filtrate is ~___mOsmoles ay the end of the Loop

A

100

23
Q

Blood Osmolarity is regulated by…

A

Water retention (ADH)

24
Q

Blood volume is regulated by

A

Retention of salts

Na, K (Aldosterone and Atrial Natriuretic Petide))

25
Q

Sensor cells for osmolarity are in the…

A

Hypothalamus.. ADH neurons

26
Q

Effectors for osmolarity regulation

A

The epithelial cells lining the collecting duct express ADH receptor

27
Q

The hypothalamic cells release _____ which controls how _______ the ______ is to water

A

ADH
Permeable
Collecting duct

28
Q

Hypothalamic _______ integrate signals for osmolarity

A

Osmoreceptors

29
Q

ADH is produced in ________ cells in hypothalamus and released in _________

A

Neurosecretory

Posterior pituitary

30
Q

_______ cells in collecting duct respond to ADH by increasing expression of _______

A 
Principal
Water channels (aquaporins)
31
Q

Water deficit = _______ –> Stimulates high plasma _____ –> Promotes water reabsorption in ________

A

High osmolarity
ADH
Collecting duct

32
Q

Do collecting ducts have more or less aquaporins open when ADH is expressed?

A

More, this makes it more permeable to water

33
Q

Why does water leave the collecting duct and enter the interstitial fluid?

A

Because of the saltiness that the Loop of Henle creates

34
Q

Water excess = ______, low plasma _____ –> Water lost to the urine

A

Low osmolarity

ADH

35
Q

When ADH is not expressed, collecting ducts are _____ to water, causing..

A

Impermeable

Water to pass by the salty medulla

AA (21 decks)

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