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AA > 4.2 Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

4.2 Energy Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the energy to make ATP come from?

A

Chemical bonds in food molecules

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2
Q

In cells, energy can be extracted from food molecules where…

A

Electrons are shared equally by covalent bonds

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3
Q

Examples of food molecules that can be used for energy

A

Carbon-carcon bonds and
Carbon-Hydrogen bonds
Found in lipids, carbs, AAs and nucleotides

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4
Q

Oxygen is the ______, once O is in a covalent bond with carbon or hydrogen, energy _______ be extracted

A

Ground state

CAN NOT

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5
Q

More carbons and more bonds =

A

More available energy (E)

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6
Q

More atoms and electrons bonding =

A

More energy

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7
Q

How do cells extract energy from foods?

A

Oxidation-reduction chemical reactions

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8
Q

Are redox reactions always 100% efficient?

A

No, some energy is ALWAYS lost as heat

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9
Q

Reduction is…

A

A molecule gaining energy

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10
Q

Oxidation is…

A

When a molecule loses energy

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11
Q

Are redox reactions always paired?

A

Yes, if a molecule gets oxidized, something simultaneously gets reduced

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12
Q

NAD+ + Energy –>

A

NADH

reduction

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13
Q

NADH oxidation

A

NAD+ + Energy

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14
Q

OIL RIG

A

Oxidation is loss (of e-)
Reduction is gain
(of e-)

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15
Q

What is NADH doing?

A

Storing energy

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16
Q

All 6 C’s in glucose are..

A

Oxidized to CO2

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17
Q

When glucose is oxidized to CO2..

A

Energy is released
ADP–>ATP
Oxygen reduced to H2O

18
Q

What percentage of energy is captured to make ATP?

A

30-40%

19
Q

When does aerobic cellular respiration occur?

A

When there is adequate oxygen supply (lungs, CV system, and RBCs can keep up with demand)

20
Q

Products of Aerobic cellular respiration

A

CO2 + H2O

36 ATP / glucose

21
Q

Anaerobic cellular respiration occurs when there is..

A

Inadequate oxygen

22
Q

Products of anaerobic cellular respiration

A

Lactic acid

2 ATP / glucose

23
Q

4 Stages of aerobic cellular respiration

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Acetyl-CoA formation
  3. Kreb’s Cycle
  4. Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
24
Q

Start and end of glycolysis

A 
6C Glucose
3C Pyruvate (x2)
25
Q

Energy captured by reduction in glycolysis

A

2 ATP

2 NADH

26
Q

What happens if regeneration of NAD+ stops?

A

Glycolysis stops

27
Q

During pyruvate oxidation, what is pyruvate oxidized to?

A

Acetyl CoA (Produces 2)

28
Q

Per 1 glucose in pyruvate oxidation…..

A
  • 2 CO2 released by oxidation

- 2 NADH produced by reduction

29
Q

After pyruvate oxidation, there is a…

A

Decision point!

30
Q

If cell needs ATP after pyruvate oxidation

A

Acetyl CoA proceeds to step 3: Kreb’s Cycle

31
Q

If there is plenty of ATP after Kreb’s cycle…

A

Acetyl CoA goes into long term energy storage (adipose tissue, triglycerides)

32
Q

If you burn fat for energy, you release..

A

Acetyl CoA

33
Q

Overall effect of Kreb’s Cycle

A

Oxidation of remaining acetyl-coA to CO2

Reduction of NAD+ to NADH

34
Q

After the Kreb’s Cycle, what has the cell made

A

6 CO2
4 ATP
10 NADH
2 FADH2

35
Q

During ETC and OP, high energy electrons from _____ are used to fuel _______ ion pumps

A

NADH

H+

36
Q

H+ ion pumps create H+ ion ________, flow of ions used to make ____

A

Gradient

ATP

37
Q

Oxygen is the ground state in the ETC and OP, meaning that..

A

Electrons flow down towards it

38
Q

Issue with glycolysis and anaerobic cellular respiration

A

Regenerating NAD+ from NADH to keep glycolysis running smoothly

39
Q

Without NAD+, glycolysis…

A

Stops cold (but is usually not a problem since oxygen is around)

40
Q

Solution to NAD+ problem in anaerobic cellular respiration

A

NADH electrons dropped onto Pyruvate (reduces it), frees up NAD+ to go back and keep glycolysis running

41
Q

Result of reducing pyruvate…

A

Creates lactate or lactic acid (in animals)

Or yeast / ethanol in plants

AA (21 decks)

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