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AA > 3.5 Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

3.5 Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Volume of pulmonary flow

A

Same as systemic CO

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2
Q

Pressure of pulmonary blood circulation

A

LOW
25/8mm Hg
MAP ~14 mm Hg

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3
Q

Why is the MAP of pulmonary blood circulation so much lower than systemic?

A

Low resistance due to

  • Shorter distance / shorter vessels heart to lungs
  • Greater total diameter of pulmonary arterioles / capillaries
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4
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

Closed space (airtight) filled with fluid

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5
Q

What do visceral and parietal pleura epithelia do?

A

Make slippery and tacky pleural fluid to lubricate, yet create surface tension to hold the lungs against chest wall as they inflate and deflate

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6
Q

What draws air in and out of airway?

A

Pressure changes in pleural cavity

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7
Q

Trachea, bronchi and bronchiole surface is lined with…

A

Ciliated epithelia and mucus secreting goblet cells

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8
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Catch and remove foreign material, convey it up to esophagus

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9
Q

Anatomy of airways (in order)

A

Trachea -> Bronchi-> Bronchioles -> Alveoli

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10
Q

Trachea branches about ___ times to terminate as ~____ alveoli

A

25

300 million

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11
Q

Alveoli

A

Huge surface area (tennis court)

Lung epithelium immediately adjacent to capillaries, no muscle, just elastic tissue

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12
Q

Boyle’s Gas Law

A

Increase Volume -> Decrease pressure

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13
Q

Inspiration

A

Volume INCREASE during diaphragm CONTRACTION decreases alveolar pressure-air enters

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14
Q

Expiration

A

Volume decrease during diaphragm relaxation increases alveolar pressure-air exits

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15
Q

Do alveoli have elasticity?

A

Yes! They recoil back to original shape when stretched (expiratory force)

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16
Q

Tendency for alveoli to recoil is balanced by..

A

Low pressure vacuum in the intrapleural cavity

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17
Q

Alveolar elastic recoil force is due to..

A

1) Elastic tissue surrounding alveoli

2) Surface tension of alveolar fluid

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18
Q

What is surfactant and what does it do?

A

A detergent that tries to reduce surface tension

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19
Q

Lung collapse is due to…

A

A) Loss of vacuum in interpleural cavity

B) Surface tension problems

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20
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Lung collapses due to hole or air penetration between body wall and inter pleural cavity (no vacuum created)

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21
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

Not enough surfactant in premature infants makes it difficult to expand lungs due to stickiness of fluid within alveoli

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22
Q

What is the role of lymphatic vessels in gas exchange in alveoli?

A

Prevent fluid build-up at exchange surface, due to blood pressure

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23
Q

Alveolar type II cell

A

Make surfactant, lowers surface tension of fluid inside alveoli (like a detergent), prevents wall collapse

24
Q

What is the role of macrophages in alveoli?

A

Clear debris b/c no cilia in alveoli

25
Q

Gas exchange

A

How atmospheric gases enter the alveoli, then diffuse into / out of your RBCs

26
Q

3 Factors affecting Gas Exchange

A

1) Respiratory membrane thickness
2) Surface Area (SA)
3) Partial pressure gradient

27
Q

Respiratory membrane thickness

A

5 layers, normally very thin

Pulmonary Edema

28
Q

Pulmonary edema

A

Interstitial fluid layer expands, increases gas exchange distance, reduced efficiency of exchange

29
Q

Interstitial space is..

A

Space between type 1 alveolar cell and endothelial cell

30
Q

Two things that can lead to pulmonary edema

A

Congestive heart failure, pneumonia

31
Q

Emphysema

A

Loss of alveolar walls (decreases surface area)

32
Q

Partial pressure

A

Concentration of a gas in a liquid will equilibrate with or equal to the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid

33
Q

Partial pressure

A

Concentration of a gas in a liquid will equilibrate with or equal to the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid

34
Q

Is there usually equilibrium between blood and air?

A

No, rarely because of gas usage in cell metabolism

35
Q

Where does CO2 in blood come from?

A

Glucose

36
Q

Is O2 higher in blood or tissues usually?

A

Blood

37
Q

Is CO2 higher in blood or tissues usually?

A

Tissues

38
Q

Why is oxygen low and carbon dioxide high in systemic tissues?

A

Cellular respiration (glucose to carbon dioxide and oxygen to water)

39
Q

Oxygen is carried in the plasma within..

A

RBCs, bound to hemoglobin

40
Q

Carbon dioxide is carried as the plasma primarily as…

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

41
Q

What is a small amount of CO2 carried by?

A

Carried bound to amino acids in hemoglobin protein

42
Q

At rest, _____ of the oxygen bound to hemoglobin is unloaded in the tissues

A

25%

43
Q

During exercise, up to _____ oxygen bound to hemoglobin is unloaded in active tissues to drop PO2

A

65%

44
Q

X-axis of oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Partial pressure of oxygen in tissues

45
Q

Bohr Effect

A

pH impacts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve

46
Q

As blood pH decreases, amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin…

A

Also decreases

47
Q

What does hemoglobin do under acidic conditions?

A

Gives up O2 more readily

48
Q

Why does hemoglobin release O2 more readily under acidic conditions?

A

Increase in H+ ions changes shape of hemoglobin, decreases its affinity for oxygen

49
Q

Where does the curve shift as pH decreases?

A

To the right

50
Q

Hemoglobin “picks up on both…

A

Oxygen concentration and pH

51
Q

CO2 +H2O create H2CO3 with the assistance of..

A

Carbonic anyhydrase

slow reaction when uncatalyzed

52
Q

What does H2CO3 turn into spontaneously in water?

A

HCO3- and H+

53
Q

Carbonic anyhydrase

A

Very high concentration in RBCs
Catalyzes chemical reaction in BOTH directions
RBCs are CO2 and HCO3- factories

54
Q

In systemic tissue, CO2..

A

Is converted to HCO3- by RBCs and delivered to plasma

55
Q

In the lungs, HCO3-…

A 
Enters RBC (pumped in, Cl- exchanged) 
Converted to CO2 and H2O and diffuses out to air in lungs

AA (21 decks)

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