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AA > 3.5 Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

3.5 Respiratory 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Volume of pulmonary flow

A

Same as systemic CO

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2
Q

Pressure of pulmonary blood circulation

A

LOW
25/8mm Hg
MAP ~14 mm Hg

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3
Q

Why is the MAP of pulmonary blood circulation so much lower than systemic?

A

Low resistance due to

  • Shorter distance / shorter vessels heart to lungs
  • Greater total diameter of pulmonary arterioles / capillaries
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4
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

Closed space (airtight) filled with fluid

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5
Q

What do visceral and parietal pleura epithelia do?

A

Make slippery and tacky pleural fluid to lubricate, yet create surface tension to hold the lungs against chest wall as they inflate and deflate

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6
Q

What draws air in and out of airway?

A

Pressure changes in pleural cavity

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7
Q

Trachea, bronchi and bronchiole surface is lined with…

A

Ciliated epithelia and mucus secreting goblet cells

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8
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Catch and remove foreign material, convey it up to esophagus

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9
Q

Anatomy of airways (in order)

A

Trachea -> Bronchi-> Bronchioles -> Alveoli

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10
Q

Trachea branches about ___ times to terminate as ~____ alveoli

A

25

300 million

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11
Q

Alveoli

A

Huge surface area (tennis court)

Lung epithelium immediately adjacent to capillaries, no muscle, just elastic tissue

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12
Q

Boyle’s Gas Law

A

Increase Volume -> Decrease pressure

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13
Q

Inspiration

A

Volume INCREASE during diaphragm CONTRACTION decreases alveolar pressure-air enters

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14
Q

Expiration

A

Volume decrease during diaphragm relaxation increases alveolar pressure-air exits

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15
Q

Do alveoli have elasticity?

A

Yes! They recoil back to original shape when stretched (expiratory force)

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16
Q

Tendency for alveoli to recoil is balanced by..

A

Low pressure vacuum in the intrapleural cavity

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17
Q

Alveolar elastic recoil force is due to..

A

1) Elastic tissue surrounding alveoli

2) Surface tension of alveolar fluid

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18
Q

What is surfactant and what does it do?

A

A detergent that tries to reduce surface tension

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19
Q

Lung collapse is due to…

A

A) Loss of vacuum in interpleural cavity

B) Surface tension problems

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20
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Lung collapses due to hole or air penetration between body wall and inter pleural cavity (no vacuum created)

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21
Q

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

Not enough surfactant in premature infants makes it difficult to expand lungs due to stickiness of fluid within alveoli

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22
Q

What is the role of lymphatic vessels in gas exchange in alveoli?

A

Prevent fluid build-up at exchange surface, due to blood pressure

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23
Q

Alveolar type II cell

Study These Flashcards
A

Make surfactant, lowers surface tension of fluid inside alveoli (like a detergent), prevents wall collapse

24
Q

What is the role of macrophages in alveoli?

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A

Clear debris b/c no cilia in alveoli

25
Gas exchange
How atmospheric gases enter the alveoli, then diffuse into / out of your RBCs
26
3 Factors affecting Gas Exchange
1) Respiratory membrane thickness 2) Surface Area (SA) 3) Partial pressure gradient
27
Respiratory membrane thickness
5 layers, normally very thin | Pulmonary Edema
28
Pulmonary edema
Interstitial fluid layer expands, increases gas exchange distance, reduced efficiency of exchange
29
Interstitial space is..
Space between type 1 alveolar cell and endothelial cell
30
Two things that can lead to pulmonary edema
Congestive heart failure, pneumonia
31
Emphysema
Loss of alveolar walls (decreases surface area)
32
Partial pressure
Concentration of a gas in a liquid will equilibrate with or equal to the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid
33
Partial pressure
Concentration of a gas in a liquid will equilibrate with or equal to the partial pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid
34
Is there usually equilibrium between blood and air?
No, rarely because of gas usage in cell metabolism
35
Where does CO2 in blood come from?
Glucose
36
Is O2 higher in blood or tissues usually?
Blood
37
Is CO2 higher in blood or tissues usually?
Tissues
38
Why is oxygen low and carbon dioxide high in systemic tissues?
Cellular respiration (glucose to carbon dioxide and oxygen to water)
39
Oxygen is carried in the plasma within..
RBCs, bound to hemoglobin
40
Carbon dioxide is carried as the plasma primarily as...
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
41
What is a small amount of CO2 carried by?
Carried bound to amino acids in hemoglobin protein
42
At rest, _____ of the oxygen bound to hemoglobin is unloaded in the tissues
25%
43
During exercise, up to _____ oxygen bound to hemoglobin is unloaded in active tissues to drop PO2
65%
44
X-axis of oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
Partial pressure of oxygen in tissues
45
Bohr Effect
pH impacts the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve
46
As blood pH decreases, amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin...
Also decreases
47
What does hemoglobin do under acidic conditions?
Gives up O2 more readily
48
Why does hemoglobin release O2 more readily under acidic conditions?
Increase in H+ ions changes shape of hemoglobin, decreases its affinity for oxygen
49
Where does the curve shift as pH decreases?
To the right
50
Hemoglobin "picks up on both...
Oxygen concentration and pH
51
CO2 +H2O create H2CO3 with the assistance of..
Carbonic anyhydrase | slow reaction when uncatalyzed
52
What does H2CO3 turn into spontaneously in water?
HCO3- and H+
53
Carbonic anyhydrase
Very high concentration in RBCs Catalyzes chemical reaction in BOTH directions RBCs are CO2 and HCO3- factories
54
In systemic tissue, CO2..
Is converted to HCO3- by RBCs and delivered to plasma
55
In the lungs, HCO3-...
``` Enters RBC (pumped in, Cl- exchanged) Converted to CO2 and H2O and diffuses out to air in lungs ```

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