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AA > 2.2 Central and Peripheral Nervous system > Flashcards

2.2 Central and Peripheral Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Glial cell

A

Non-neuronal support cell in the CNS

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2
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Subtype of glial cell, produces myelin throughout the CNS,wrap multiple axons

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3
Q

Microglia

A

Rove body looking for things to engulf, digest

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4
Q

Astrocyte

A

Glue that holds everything together, provide metabolic and structural support… Protects neurons by regulating what passes between capillaries and neurons

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5
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Secrete cerebrospinal fluid that is in hollow spaces of brain

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6
Q

What makes up the blood brain barrier?

A

Astrocyte foot processes and endothelial cells that line blood vessels in brain

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7
Q

How do lipid soluble substances get across the BBB?

A

Still by diffusion

O2, CO2, nicotine, alcohol, steroids

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8
Q

How do small polar substances move through the BBB?

A

Transport proteins

amino acids, glucose, etc

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9
Q

What kind of metabolic rate does the brain have?

A

Extremely high!

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10
Q

What percent of cardiac output does the brain receive?

A

15-20% even though the brain only makes up 2% of body weight

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11
Q

Why is the brain so dependent upon constant supply of oxygen and glucose and removal of carbon dioxide?

A

Resting membrane potential!

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12
Q

How soon does fainting occur if blood flow or blood glucose drops?

A

Within seconds

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13
Q

How soon does irreversible brain damage occur if blood flow or blood glucose drops?

A

Within 4 minutes, takes so long because we have a reserve of oxygen in RBCs to draw from

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14
Q

Meninges

A

Connective tissue membranes surrounding the CNS

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15
Q

Dura mater

A

Outer tough layer

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16
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle, spidery weblike tissue

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17
Q

Pia mater

A

Thin, bound tightly to brain surface

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18
Q

Subdural space

A

Between dura and arachnoid, contains interstitial serous fluid, helps cushion

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19
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Between arachnoid and pia mater, contains CSF (most spacious)

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20
Q

Meningitis

A

Inflammation of connective tissue layers

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21
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid in comparison to blood plasma

A

Fewer ions and less protein

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22
Q

CSF

A

~150mL in brain / spine

Bathes brain and spinal cord (in subarachnoid space)

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23
Q

Functions of CSF

A

Buoyancy, protection, stabilizes nutrient delivery

24
Q

Where is CSF secreted?

A

By ependymal cells in choroid plexuses located in ventricles (fluid filled cavities containing CSF)

25
Q

Anatomical segments of spinal cord

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

26
Q

How many bilateral pairs of spinal nerves extending bilaterally to Peripheral nervous system are there?

A

31

  • 8 cervical
  • 12 thoracic
  • 5 lumbar
  • 5 sacral
  • 1 coccygeal
27
Q

What are the two “bulges” in diameter of the spinal cord?

A

-Cervical enlargement (supplies upper limbs)
-Lumbar enlargement
(supplies lower limbs)

28
Q

Does an epidural enter the CSF?

A

NO, goes only into the epidural space (above dura mater), do not want to go through dura mater or else you could numb the entire body

29
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons forming nerve tracts

30
Q

What are tracts?

A

Bundles of related axons in the CNS (nerves in PNS)

31
Q

Gray matter

A

Neuron cell bodies & dendrites (no myelin) forms a distinct H or butterfly shape

32
Q

White matter components

A

Dorsal column
Vertebral column
Lateral column

33
Q

Gray matter components

A

Posterior horn
Lateral horn
Anterior horn

34
Q

Posterior horn and the dorsal root ganglion are composed of…

A

Cell bodies of SENSORY neurons, unmyelinated regions so are gray matter

35
Q

Dorsal roots

A

Bundles of myelinated axons (white matter) leaving the sensory neuron cell bodies in PH or DRG

36
Q

The afferent sensory axons synapse in…

A

Posterior horn

onto. ..
1. ) Interneurons (lead directly to motor tract)
2. )Ascending sensory tracts in spinal cord

37
Q

Anterior horns

A

Contain cell bodies of somatic MOTOR neurons, descending tracts

38
Q

Lateral horns

A

Contain cell bodies of autonomic neurons

39
Q

Ventral roots

A

Convergence of axons carrying EFFERENT (outgoing) action potentials from both the motor and autonomic neurons-these APs originate in the brain and are carried on descending tracts

40
Q

Dermatomes

A

A distinct area of skin innervated by the sensory nerves that form the pair of bilateral spinal nerves

41
Q

Which viral disease is seen in specific dermatomes?

A

Shingles

42
Q

Why are spinal cord injuries so permanent?

A

There is a disconnect between PNS and CNS and PNS nerves can’t grow back and reconnect to CNS tracts, wiring done only during embryonic stage

43
Q

How stable are the neurons of the CNS?

A

They are on the edge of life, any disruption to blood supply can kill them

44
Q

Reflex arcs

A

Simplest functional unit of nervous system

-Hard-wired, involuntary responses

45
Q

SAME

A

Sensory afferent motor efferent

46
Q

What do withdrawal reflexed typically involve?

A

Excitatory interneurons and inhibitory interneurons

47
Q

Reciprocal innervation

A

Interneuron wiring pattern that causes necessary
-Extensor muscle relaxation (reciprocal inhibition)
-Flexor muscle contraction
(reciprocal activation)

48
Q

Withdrawal reflex in leg

A

Leads to ipsilateral flexion, , you activate the effector that moves the affected limb away from the injury

49
Q

Crossed extensor reflex

A

A withdrawal reflex in one lower limb causes extension of the opposite lower limb

50
Q

Stretch receptors

A

Located in muscle spindles and tendon organs, cause the reflexes that we test

51
Q

Intrafusal muscle fibers

A

Within a muscle spindle; info on muscle position and coordination(finesse)

52
Q

Extrafusal muscle fibers

A

Outside spindle, mediate muscle contraction, muscle power

53
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Afferent sensory innervation in tendons (muscle to bone) provide feedback on tension

54
Q

Stretch myotactic reflex functions

A

Regulates muscle length, coordinates muscle recruitment when stretching occurs, protects from overstitching or pulling muscles

55
Q

Golgi tendon reflex function

A

Regulates muscle tension, prevents tendon tears due to excessive muscle contraction

56
Q

Golgi tendon relfex

A

Antagonistic muscles (hamstring) contracts in response to other muscle stress (quad) —> RECIPROCAL INHIBITION

AA (21 decks)

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