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AA > 4.4_1 Renal I > Flashcards

4.4_1 Renal I Flashcards

1
Q

Regulation of ion concentrations in body fluids

A

Maintains blood osmolarity by retaining water (ADH)

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2
Q

Regulation of volume of body fluids and thus blood pressure

A

Managed by retention of essential ions (Na+, Cl-, K+, ca2+)

RAAS

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3
Q

Regulation of blood pH (Assisting the lungs)

A

Kidney cells express carbonic anhydrase [H+] via CO2 and HCO3-

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4
Q

Elimination of waste products

A

Metabolic waste: mainly urea

Xenobiotic waste: a foreign molecule

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5
Q

Renal artery directs ____% of CO to the kidneys

A

22

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6
Q

How many times a day is your 5L of blood filtered?

A

About 36

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7
Q

Two layers to the kidney

A

Renal cortex

Renal medulla

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8
Q

Renal cortex (relation to blood)

A

Isotonic to blood

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9
Q

Renal medulla (relation to blood)

A

Very salty, hypertonic to blood

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10
Q

All nephrons begin in the…

A

Cortex

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11
Q

Two types of nephrons in the kidney

A

Cortical

Juxtamedullary

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12
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

85%

Have very short loops of Henle, do not leave cortex

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13
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Start in the cortex, have long loops of Henle that penetrate deep into the medulla

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14
Q

From the _____ to the _______, the kidneys are trying to capture something back from the tubular fluid

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

Collecting duct

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15
Q

Fluid is called filtrate in the..

A

Capsular space

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16
Q

Fluid is called tubular fluid in the..

A

PCT-Collecting duct

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17
Q

Fluid is called urine in the..

A

Papillary duct-urethra

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18
Q

3 Processes resulting in urine formation

A

1) Glomerular Ultrafiltration
2) Tubular Reabsorption
3) Tubular Secretion

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19
Q

Glomerular ultrafiltration

A

Blood plasma enters tubules as filtrate

20
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Filtrate moved back into blood in tubules

21
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Substances transported from blood to tubules

22
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

Leaky endothelial cells (have holes)

23
Q

Glomerular Podocytes

A

Provide a selective barrier for ultrafiltration

24
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A

Monitors and regulates whole blood volume and blood pressure throughout the entire body

25
Q

Renal corpuscle

A

Filtration membrane comprised of fenestrated capillaries and glomerular podocytes

26
Q

Filtration slits

A

In glomerular podocyte cells –> enable ultrafiltration

27
Q

Why do diabetic’s kidneys start to fail?

A

Because it makes the muscles more rigid, which leads to higher BP and kidneys are very sensitive to chronic high BP

28
Q

What does the filtrate include?

A

Water, glucose, amino acids, ions, urea, many hormones, vitamins B and C, ketones and very small amounts of protein

29
Q

What is the main force drives ultrafiltration in glomerulus?

A

Hydrostatic pressure

30
Q

What does the endothelium in the glomerulus block?

A

Formed elements

31
Q

What does the basement membrane in the glomerulus block?

A

Large proteins

32
Q

What do the filtration slits of the visceral layer in the glomerulus block?

A

Small proteins

33
Q

What is not filterable by the glomerulus?

A

Proteins in plasma
Blood cells
Any large, bulky molecule

34
Q

How do you calculate renal blood flow?

A

20 % of cardiac output

35
Q

What flow really mattes when calculating glomerular filtration rate?

A

Only plasma flow

55% plasma

36
Q

GFR

A

Volume of plasma filtrate that enters the capsular space per minute

37
Q

What percentage of plasma gets forced out of blood?

A

19%

38
Q

What percentage of what gets filtered is reabsorbed?

A

99%

39
Q

Vasa recta

A

Blood vessels around loop of Henle

40
Q

Peritubular capillaries

A

Blood vessels associated with peritubular capillaries

41
Q

Afferent arteriole

A

Incoming, larger diameter

42
Q

Efferent arteriole

A

Outflow from corpuscle, smaller diameter

43
Q

Increased vascular resistance creates…

A

1) High hydrostatic pressure upstream in fenestrated glomerular capillaries
2) Low hydrostatic pressure downstream in peritubular and vasa recta capillaries

44
Q

_______ have lowest hydrostatic pressure in entire body

A

Peritubular capillaries

45
Q

Net filtration pressure favors….

A

Filtrate entry into tubules (some things go in and some go out)

AA (21 decks)

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