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AA > 2.3 Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

2.3 Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Perceptible and voluntary

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2
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Imperceptible and involuntary

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3
Q

Another term for parasympathetic division

A

Craniosacral division

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4
Q

Where are the preganglionic neurons located in the parasympathetic division?

A

Cranial nuclei and sacral region of spinal cord

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5
Q

Function of Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Digestion and energy storage… rest & digest

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6
Q

Another term for sympathetic division

A

Thoracocolumbar division

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7
Q

Function of sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system

A

Energy mobilization and distribution… Fight or flight

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8
Q

Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located in the sympathetic division?

A

Thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord

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9
Q

SymNS and ParaNS are…

A

Mutually inhibitory -Increase in activity in one leads to decrease in activity of the other

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10
Q

What actions does the Parasympathetic division do?

A

-Activates digestive processes -Promotes nutrient storage (liver, muscle) -Slows heart rate and reduces blood pressure

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11
Q

What actions does the sympathetic division do?

A

-Mobilizes nutrients (glucose) into bloodstream -Increases cardiac output—-> Increase perfusion of active tissue -Dilates bronchiole tubes–> Increased ventilation -Slows digestion and other non-essential organ systems

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12
Q

The parasympathetic neuron has a ________ preganglionic neuron, and synapses near_______

A

Long Target organ

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13
Q

The sympathetic neuron has a ________ preganglionic neuron and synapses near_______

A

Short Spinal column (long postganglionic neuron)

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14
Q

All preganglionic neurons are…

A

Cholinergic, they release acetylcholine at the synapse

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15
Q

When ACh is released from the preganglionic neuron, it binds….

A

Post synaptic nicotinic ACh receptors –>Na+ ion channels (fast) –> Always EPSPs

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16
Q

Where does the nicotinic name of the receptor come from?

A

Their ability to be activated by nicotine

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17
Q

What does the postganglionic fiber in the parasympathetic division release?

A

Acetylcholine

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18
Q

What does the acetylcholine released from the postganglionic fibers bind to on effector target tissues?

A

Muscarinic receptors (sustained / slower acting GPCRs)

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19
Q

What does the binding of acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic division cause?

A

EPSPs or IPSPs depending on the tissue

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20
Q

Where do muscarinic receptors get their name?

A

They bind muscarine compound from poisonous mushrooms

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21
Q

Parasympathetic pathway (entire thing)

A
  1. Preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine 2. Acetylcholine binds postsynaptic nicotinic receptors 3. Binding causes influx of Na+ into postganglionic neuron 4. Postganglionic fibers release acetylcholine 5. Acetylcholine binds muscarinic receptors on effector target tissues 6. Causes EPSPs or IPSPs
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22
Q

The majority of post-ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division release what?

A

Norepinephrine!

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23
Q

Two pathways for sympathetic division

A

Acetylcholine–>Acetylcholine Acetylcholine–> Norepinephrine

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24
Q

Sympathetic pathway (most common one)

A
  1. Preganglionic fibers release acetylcholine 2. Acetylcholine binds postsynaptic nicotinic receptors 3. Binding causes influx of Na+ and leads to EPSP on postganglionic neuron 4. Adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine 5. Norepinephrine binds adrenergic receptors on target cell (also GCPRs) 6. Cause EPSPs or IPSPs on target tissues (often muscles or glands)
25
Q

What are target cells of the ACh pathway in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Sweat glands, and blood vessels in muscle tissue

26
Q

What are the target tissues of the norepinephrine pathway in the sympathetic division?

A

Most other tissues

27
Q

Varicosites

A

At axon terminus of postganglionic adrenergic neurons

Enables widepread secretion of NE at synapses throughout the effector organs—> Activates adrenergic receptors that stimulate (inhibit) target tissues

“Showers” cells in norepinephrine

28
Q

Where / what does preganglionic ACh activate in the sympathetic division?

A

Adrenal medulla (inner)

Specifically chromaffin cells

NO postganglionic neuron!!

29
Q

What do chromaffin cells release?

A

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine as HORMONES which bind adrenergic receptors on tarhet tissues via the bloodstream

Global, body-wide effect that lasts longer than neurotransmitters

30
Q

What do both epinephrine and norepinephrine both bind?

A

Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

31
Q

What are aplha and beta adrenergic receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors, not ion channels

Can be stimulatory (alpha and beta) or inhibitory (mostly beta)

32
Q

Effects of both epinephrine and norepinephrine on brain

A

Alertness

33
Q

Effects of both epinephrine and norepinephrine on liver

A

Glucose release

34
Q

Effects of both epinephrine and norepinephrine on heart

A

Increased rate / strength of contraction

35
Q

Other effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine

A

Bronchiolar dilation, increased diaphragm contraction, reduced digestion, inhibits pain perception

36
Q

Difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Norepinephrine works better as a neurotransmitter and epinephrine is more of a hormone

37
Q

What are beta blockers?

A

Bring down blood pressure, a lot of men take them, block beta adrenergic binding site to reduce effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine

38
Q

Somatic nervous system (system)

A

1 neuron

39
Q

Autonomic nervous system (system)

A

Neurotransmitters, hormones and effectors

40
Q

Review slide 15!!!!

A
41
Q

ANS functions: 3 body scenarios

A
  • Relaxation / sleep
  • Vidorous exercise
  • Stress response
42
Q

Relaxation / sleep

A
  • Energy storage and tissue repair
  • Parasympathetic division predominates
43
Q

Vigorous Exercise

A
  • Mobilization and distribution of energy resources
  • Sympathetic division predominates
44
Q

Stress response

A
  • Anticipation of the “fight”
  • Sympathetic division and CRH / ACTH / cortisol release
45
Q

Digestive tract during relaxation / sleep

A

Increased secretion from salivary glands, gastric glands, exocrine pancreas

Increased motility of GI smooth muscle

Contraction of gall bladder smooth muscle

Increased insulin secretion pancreatic beta cells

46
Q

Respiratory system during relaxation / sleep

A

Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle (constricts bronchi)

47
Q

Cardiovascular system during relaxation / sleep

A

Decreased MAP (mean arterial pressure)

Decreased cardiac output

Decreased sympathetic outflow –> Relaxation of vascular smooth muscle –> Dilation of blood vessels –> Decreased resistance

–>Decreased MAP

48
Q

Digestive tract during exercise

A

Decreased activity

49
Q

Respiratory system during exercise

A

Increased ventilation

  • Relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle (dilates bronchi)
50
Q

Cardiovascular system during exercise

A

Increased MAP and perfusion

-Increased dilation of vascular smooth muscle in active skeletal muscles–> increased local blood flow to active muscles

51
Q

Adrenal medulla during exercise

A

Mobilization of energy

  • Release of epinephrine
  • Glycogen breakdown by muscle and liver
  • Fat breakdown in fat cells
52
Q

Skin during exercise

A

Heat dissipation during vigorous and prolonged exercise

  • Increased core temperature because of increased metabolic activity
  • Increased activation of sweat glands (via acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors)
  • Increased blood flow to skin (increased core temperature overrides constriction of vascular smooth muscle)
53
Q

Stress perception in the short term elicited in the

A

Amygdala–> hypothalamus–>ANS increased sympathetic outflow.. medullary epinephrine and norepinephrine release

54
Q

Effects of short term stress response

A

Increased MAP

Decreased GI motility

Increase in sweat secretion

55
Q

Chronic, long term stress activates…

A

Adrenocorticotropic axis for more sustained, prolonged response

56
Q

Hypothalamic control of the chronic stress response

A

CRH–>ACTH–>Cortisol (released from adrenal CORTEX)

57
Q

Cortisol

A

Effects similar to epinephrine, but much more long term

58
Q

Acute effects of cortisol (the stress hormone)

A

Good, help performance

  • Increased breakdown of fat and protein
  • Increased gluconeogenesis in liver
  • Increased blood glucose levels –> Feul for performance
59
Q

Chronic effects of cortisol

A

Bad, make you sick

Decreased immune functions (immune supression), decreased resistance to disease

Tissue “wasting” due to protein loss

May lead to depression

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