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AA > 4.3 Whole Body Metabolism > Flashcards

4.3 Whole Body Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Why don’t our bodies take fat that we can do without and make it into sugar?

A

We cannot turn fatty acids into sugar, we do not have the enzymes

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2
Q

What is the primary, readily mobilized source of energy?

A

Glycogen in the liver and muscle

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3
Q

Other sources of glucose-like carbohydrates

A

Recycled lactic acid
Glycerol from triglycerides
Amino acid “skeletons”

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4
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Making glucose from any ‘carbon skeletons’ available (amino acids, glycerol, lactic acid, etc) to primarily feed the brain

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5
Q

Do fatty acids go through gluconeogenesis?

A

NO they go to ketone bodies

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6
Q

When are proteins catabolized for energy?

A

Only when carb supply is limited (starvation or very long term physical exertion)

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7
Q

Amino acids must undergo_________ to remove the amino group

A

Deamination

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8
Q

What is the amino group excreted as?

A

Urea in the kidneys

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9
Q

After deamination, what happens to the remaining C-skeleton?

A

Converted to a molecule that enters gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation or Kreb’s cycle

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10
Q

What are triglycerides catabolized into? Where?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol in adipocytes

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11
Q

What happens to glycerol after it is separated from the fatty acids?

A

It is a carb so it enters glycolysis

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12
Q

Beta Oxidation

A

Fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA (can enter Krebs) to generate ATP in various tissues (heart, muscle, etc)

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13
Q

Does beta oxidation require oxygen?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Why is beta oxidation important?

A

It preserves carbohydrate reserves for the brain

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15
Q

What happens to fatty acids during starvation?

A

They go to the liver and become ketone bodies

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16
Q

Downside to ketone bodies being produced

A

Ketoacidosis

  • Drops blood pH
  • Ketones can be toxic
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17
Q

What are the three factors that go into your body deciding which fuel your tissues burn?

A

Intensity of activity
Duration
Starvation

18
Q

What type of activity are carbs favored for? (intensity)

A

High intensity (because they sustain inefficient cellular respiration)

19
Q

What type of activity are lipids favored for? (intensity)

A

Lower intensity

20
Q

Duration

A

Glycogen depletion leads to the use of alternate fuel sources (fatty acids and even amino acids if very long duration)

21
Q

Starvation

A

Prolonged energy deprivation, by 4 days without eating 75% of fuel for the brain is ketone bodies

22
Q

What do tissue proteins do during starvation?

A

Mobilize to save the brain and heart which are preserved to the last

23
Q

What types of food molecules can you make ATP from?

A

Virtually any

24
Q

Essential nutrients

A

Specific term used to describe molecules that must be food derived, your body cannot synthesize them itself

25
Q

Nutrients for survival

A 
Minerals
Vitamins
Proteins
Lipids 
Water
26
Q

Are carbohydrates essential nutrients?

A

Technically they are not

27
Q

Main carbohydrate function

A

Provide energy and carbon skeletons to build other molecules (like amino acids)

28
Q

Starch

A

When eaten as a part of whole grains, fruits and vegetables…takes time and energy to break down into absorbable glucose

29
Q

Fiber

A

Carbs that can’t be digested down to glucose

30
Q

Insoluble fiber

A

Bulk that hastens movement through digestive tract

Activates stretch receptors in GI (makes you feel full)

31
Q

Soluble fiber

A

Binds dietary fat and cholesterol, reduces their absorption in small intestine

32
Q

Simple sugars like table sugar have a _____ glycemic index

A

High

33
Q

Why do table sugars have a high glycemic index?

A

They are so quickly absorbed in the small intestine

34
Q

Cycle initiated by high glycemic index foods

A

Blood sugar elevates
Insulin over-secreted
Too much sigh removed from blood
You feel hungry again

35
Q

Proteins are made of ____ amino acids: ____ are essential and must be supplied in the diet

A

20

10

36
Q

When consuming sufficient energy from multiple foods, it is virtually impossible to develop an ________ deficiency

A

Amino Acid

37
Q

Two essential fatty acids

A

1) Alpha linolenic (canola, soy, flax)

2) Linoleic (Not an issue, lots of sources)

38
Q

Can plants make cholesterol?

A

NO

39
Q

Most vitamins are ________

A

Enzyme cofactors

40
Q

How many vitamins are there?

A

13

41
Q

What matters in terms of osteoporosis?

A
  • Bone stress (exercise)
  • Menopause
  • Low protein diets
  • Vitamin D plus calcium
42
Q

What do acidic foods do to iron absorption?

A

Promote absorption in intestine

AA (21 decks)

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