Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AA > 3.1 Blood > Flashcards

3.1 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is…

A

A liquid connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4 Functions of blood

A

Regulation of homeostasis
Transport
Protection
Hemostasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What percentage of whole blood does plasma make up?

A

55%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is plasma made up of?

A

92% Water

Colloid with 7% proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 proteins in plasma?

A

Liver albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen
Regulatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is plasma

A

An aqueous solution with electrolytes, nutrients, gases, waste products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

A 160 pound person would have how many quarts of plasma?

A

About 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What percentage of whole blood do red blood cells make up?

A

44%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How are red blood cells measured

A

In a hematocrit analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What percentage of whole blood are white blood cells?

A

1 %

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are white blood cells also called in a hematocrit analysis?

A

The buffy coat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

White blood cells most to least common

A 
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hemopoiesis

a.k.a. hematopoiesis

A

Process of blood cell production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hemopoietic stem cell

A
  • Red bone marrow
  • Self renewal
  • Transplantable
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is differentiation of cell sub-types regulated by?

A
  • Growth factors
    (e. g. erythropoietin)
  • “niches”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Myeloid lineage

A

All stages of origin and development in red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What cells are in the myeloid lineage?

A

Some leukocytes
RBCs
Megakaryocytes (platelets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lymphoid

A

Just origin in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What cells are in the lymphoid lineage?

A

B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do lymphocytes get their name?

A

They must migrate within lymphatic system (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, gland, bone marrow)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lymphoid leukemia

A

A liquid timor of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lymphoma

A

Solid tumor of lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function of Red blood cells

A

Atmospheric gas transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Oxygen in blood

A

99% Carried by hemoglobin in RBCs

1% Dissolved in plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

CO2 in blood

A

7% Dissolved in plasma
23% covalently bound to hemoglobin
70% Transported by plasma as bicarbonate ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How is CO2 converted to bicarbonate (HCO3-)?

A

Via carbonic anhydrase enzyme expressed in Red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Does a RBC have a nucleus?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does oxygen bind to in RBCs?

A

Iron in heme, turns it bright red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Is heme a protein?

A

No, the globin that carries heme is a protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Protein organizes the ____ which organizes the ______ which binds the____

A

Heme
Iron
Oxygen

31
Q

What can heme iron also bind?

A

Carbon monoxide which binds more tightly and prevents oxygen binding

32
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

RBC birth

Sensitive to blood oxygen content and hormones

33
Q

What is the stimulus for erythropoiesis?

A

Decreased blood oxygen levels

34
Q

What detects low blood oxygen?

A

Kindey

35
Q

What cells release erythropoietin (Epo) into the blood?

A

Kidney cells

36
Q

What is the kidney in the RBC life cycle?

A

Receptor and control center

37
Q

What does EPO do?

A

Stimulates red bone marrow to increase the rate of production of erythrocytes

38
Q

What happens when increased oxygen levels are detected by the kidney?

A

EPO is inhibited (negative feedback)

39
Q

How long are RBCs viable for?

A

~120 days

40
Q

What happens to the globin (protein part) during death / recycling?

A

Degraded into AAs

41
Q

What happens to heme during death / recycle?

A

Converted to bilirubin, secreted in bile from liver

——> feces

42
Q

What is an excessive accumulation of bilirubin called?

A

Jaundice

43
Q

How can blood not get rejected by all recipients?

A

RBCs do not have MHCs (Major histocompatibility complex)

44
Q

Neutrophils

A

Phagocytize (eat) bacteria, antigen-antibody complexes and other foreign matter, in bloodstream or interstitial spaces

45
Q

Neutrophils leave circulation (emigrate) and…

A

Enter tissues at infection site

46
Q

Basophils

A

Leave circulation and emigrate into tissues, play a role in inflammatory responses / allergic reactions (pro-inflammatory)

47
Q

What do basophils produce?

A

Histamine

48
Q

Eosinophils leave circulation and..

A

Enter tissues during inflammatory response

49
Q

Eosinophils

A

Destroy inflammatory chemicals like histamine ( anti-inflammatory) ((Help regulate basophils)

50
Q

Monocytes

A

Leave circulation an become macrophages; phagocytic cells that reside in tissues.

51
Q

What are monocytes associated with?

A

Associated with severe infections

52
Q

Where do cells from lymphoid lineages migrate?

A

To lymphatic tissues where they proliferate in response to specific antigens

53
Q

What do cells in lymphoid lineages mediate?

A

Acquired immunity (immune memory) specific to a particular antigen

54
Q

B-cells (lymphocyte)

A

Recognize foreign protein antigens and produce antibodies which is a part of the humoral defense

55
Q

Why do vaccines work for your entire life?

A

Because of B-cells!

56
Q

T-cells and Natural killer cells

A

Can directly phagocytize and destroy bacteria or virally infected cells

57
Q

What does hemostasis prevent?

A

Hemorrhage: loss of large volumes of blood

58
Q

3 Steps to hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation (blood clotting)
59
Q

What is vascular spasm?

A

Vasoconstriction of vascular smooth muscle at the site of damage

60
Q

What triggers vascular spasm at the site of damage?

A

Release of

  • Thromboxanes from activated platelets
  • Endothelin from damaged endothelial cells
61
Q

What are platelets?

A

Anuclear pieces of megakaryocytes

62
Q

Thrombopoiesis

A

-Platelet formation

63
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Low platelets

64
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

High platelets

65
Q

Step 1 of platelet plug formation

A

Platelets bind exposed collagen and release thromboxane that recruits and activates other circulating platelets

66
Q

Step 2 of platelet plug formation

A

Activated platelets bind soluble fibrinogen in bloodstream

67
Q

Step 3 of platelet plug formation

A

Fibrinogen begins to cross-link platelets together to form a jelly-like plug

68
Q

Coagulation cascade:

Tissue or vessel damage + platelet plug formation recruits..

A

Clotting factors from the plasma

69
Q

What are clotting factors?

A

Enzymes and structural proteins

70
Q

Stage 1 of the amplification cascade of coagulation

A

Platelets activate prothrombinase

71
Q

Stage 2 of the amplification cascade of coagulation

A

Prothrombin ->thrombin

72
Q

Stage 3 of amplification cascade of coagulation

A

Fibrinogen -> Fibrin

73
Q

Result of amplification cascade

A

Fibrin matrix + platelets = strong clots

74
Q

What does heparin do?

A

Anticoagulant, inhibits thrombin via enzymes

AA (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions