Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AA > 3.2 Cardiac Function > Flashcards

3.2 Cardiac Function Flashcards

1
Q

General parts of CV system

A

Blood, heart and vasculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which side of the heart is pulmonary?

A

Right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which side of the heart is systemic?

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which side of the heart has significant musculature?

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

3 layers of cardiac histology

inner to outer

A

Endocardium
Myocardium (cardiac muscle)
Epicardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endothelial cells always…

A

Touch blood (In the endocardium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Heart muscle cells (name)

A

Cardiomyocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the general features of cardiomyocytes similar to? (Z-discs, I/A bands, thin / thick filaments of myosin?

A

Skeletal muscle sarcomere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why are cardiomyocytes similar to neurons?

A

They maintain a resting membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Two types of cardiomyocytes

A

Pacemaker (1%) and contractile cells (99%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do cardiomyocyes maintain negative membrane potentials?

A

Na / K+ Pumps

Pumping out Ca2+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do cardiomyocytes pump out Ca2+?

A

Secondary active transport with Na+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Do pacemaker cells have a true RMP?

A

No but they bottom out at -60 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Do contractile cells have a true RMP?

A

Yes, -90mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mitochondria are what percent of cardiomyocytes?

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are cardiomyocyes reliant upon?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is coronary ischemia?

A

Essentially a heart attack, blockage of blood flow, cells die because they are so reliant on oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does hypoxia do? (depolarize / hyper polarize)

A

Depolarize, bring them more positive, away from RMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cardiac pacemaker and conductile tissue is..

A

Autorythmic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Does reaching threshold to cause an action potential in cardiomyocytes require neuronal action potentials or acetylcholine?

A

NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is normally the cardiac pacemaker?

A

SA node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Depolarization rate: location

A

SA node > AV node > Purkinje

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If unmodified by ANS, what does the SA node set the heart rate as?

A

100 BPM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens if there is SA node damage?

A

AV node assumes (slower) pacemaker role which leads to Brachycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Ectopic foci

A

AKA ectopic pacemaker, other irritated of hypoxic tissue can cause premature contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Any region can become the pacemaker if…

A

It is the fastest to depolarize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What causes the gradual rise in RMP of pacemaker cells?

A

Na + leakage (until threshold) through slow voltage gated channels
Determines heart rate!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What rapid influx causes depolarization in pacemaker cells?

A

Influx of Ca+ through fast voltage gated Ca2+ channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What outflow causes repolarization in pacemaker cells?

A

Outflow of K+ through voltage gated K+ channels

30
Q

In order to increase heart rate, what would your body do?

A

Leak more sodium faster (sympathetic influence)

31
Q

Do neurons leak sodium like pacemaker cells?

A

NO

32
Q

Cardiomyocte cells are _____ coupled

A

Electrically

33
Q

Cardiac mycoses share a “continuous” cytoplasm via…

A

Intercalated discs, leaky interconnections containing gap junctions (large pores) and desmosomes ( strong cell-cell ties or anchors)

34
Q

Why are cardiomyocytes electrically coupled?

A

Creates a synctium where electrical depolarization spreads between cells

35
Q

What connects every cell in heart? (notes)

A

Gap junctions

36
Q

What keeps cells physically connected to each other? (notes)

A

Intercalated disks

37
Q

What are found within intercalated disks? (notes)

A

Gap junctions and desmosomes

38
Q

What must the depolarizing current travel through to reach the ventricles?

A

AV node (delays impulse)

39
Q

What occurs during the depolarization phase of contractile cardiomyocytes?

A

Na+ influx through fast Na+ voltage gated channels

40
Q

What occurs during the plateau phase of contractile cardiomyocytes?

A
  • Voltage gated K+ channels open and K+ flows out

- Slow voltage gated Ca2+ channels open (prolonging depolarization)

41
Q

What occurs during the repolarization phase of contractile cardiomyoctes?

A

Voltage gated Ca2+ channels close, voltage gated K+ channels remain open, potassium flows out of the cell

42
Q

What is the function of the plateau?

A

Prevents tetany and is a potent signal for contraction of sarcomere

43
Q

What cells does an EKG measure?

A

Contractile cardiomyocytes

44
Q

Why can’t you see atrial repolarization?

A

“Buried” by depolarization occurring in ventricles

45
Q

What is an EKG?

A

Myocardial electrical currents detected on skin

46
Q

What occurs during the p-wave?

A

Atrial depolarization

47
Q

What occurs during the QRS complex?

A

Ventricular depolarization

48
Q

What occurs during the T-wave?

A

Ventricular repolarization

49
Q

Ventricular systole

A

Ventricles are contracting and emptying blood to arteries

50
Q

Ventricular Diastole

A

Ventricles are relaxed and then filled by the atria

51
Q

What interval is systole?

A

Q-T interval

52
Q

When on the EKG does diastole occur?

A

End of T to beginning of next Q

53
Q

What would an enlarged P or R wave be indicative of?

A

Atrial or ventricular hypertrophy

54
Q

What would a larger Q wave or flattened T wave mean?

A

Myocardial infarction

55
Q

What would elongation of the P-Q interval indicate?

A

Scarring from coronary artery disease

56
Q

What would an S-T interval raised above baseline indicate?

A

Scarring from coronary artery disease

57
Q

What would an elongated Q-T interval indicate?

A

Oxygen deprived ventricles

58
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Volume of blood pumped per minute

59
Q

Equation of cardiac output

A

CO = Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

60
Q

HR =

A

Beats / minure

61
Q

Stroke volume =

A

Volume of blood ejected / beat OR (EDV - ESV)

62
Q

End diastolic volume

A

The amount of blood into the relaxed volume

63
Q

End systolic volume

A

Amount of blood left in heart after contraction

64
Q

Chronotropic agents

A

Affect heart rate
(sympathetic nervous system)
Alter SA and AV node

65
Q

Inotropic agents

A

Affect stroke volume

Alter Ca2+ levels in sarcoplasm

66
Q

Brainstem Cardiovascular Center and the Autonomic Nervous system

A

Based on peripheral inputs to the brainstem CV center

67
Q

Sympathetic influence on the heart

A

Cardiac accelerator nerves release norepinephrine to increase HR and ventricular contractility

68
Q

Parasympathetic influence on the heart

A

Vagus nerves release acetylcholine to decrease HR and ventricular contractility

69
Q

How does epinephrine and norepinephrine create a stronger contraction (and increase stroke volume)?

A

Increases Ca influx into cardiomyocytes

70
Q

What do thyroid hormones do?

A

Increase heart rate and contractility

AA (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions