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AA > 2.4 Limbic-Emotions and Memory > Flashcards

2.4 Limbic-Emotions and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Psychology of limbic system

A

Collectively processes and experiences emotions

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2
Q

Limbic system (physiology) function

A

Links the somatic (perception of external) & autonomic (internet, visceral) nervous systems

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3
Q

Two-way communication

A

Hypothalamus (autonomic) to limbic (somatic); limbic channels all somatic perception information to and from the cerebral cortex / diencephalic regions

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4
Q

Hypothalamus provides limbic system with information about…

A

The state of the INTERNAL body environment..

-Drive or motivational states (physiological reasons for wanting to do things: drink water, eat food, reproduce, etc)

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5
Q

Limbic system sends info about…

A

State of external environment the body is dealing with (Emotional states of being: fear, anxiety, anger, happy, sad)

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6
Q

Limbic system anatomy

A

Widespread regions throughout the midbrain, involves both cerebral and diencephalic brain regions

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7
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Consists of many nuclei that control feeding, drinking, self defense and reproduction
(point between nervous and endocrine)

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8
Q

Arcuate nucleus (hypothalamus)

A

Has gonadotropes: makes people want to reproduce and controls the actual process

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9
Q

Anterior and Supraoptic nucleus (hypothalamus)

A

Produce ADH

ADH is potent stimulator of thirst

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10
Q

The hedonic principle

A

Hypothalamus stimulates behaviors–>those that result in pleasurable sensation in the limbic system are repeated, behaviors that result in painful or unpleasant sensations are avoided

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11
Q

Reward

A 
A stimulus (resulting from a behavior) that results in pleasure
ex: you drink water because you are thirsty, positive emotions / associations
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12
Q

Punishment

A

Stimulus (resulting from a behavior) that results in pain / discomfort
ex: consumption of toxic food, negative emotions / associations with food and venue

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13
Q

Limbic system neurons produce neuropeptides known as…

A

Endorphins

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14
Q

2 types of endorphins

A

Enkephalins and dynorphins

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15
Q

Endorphin =

A

ENDOgenous morphing-like substances

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16
Q

Opiate drugs

A

Bind to endorphin receptors (morphine, oxycontin, heroin)

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17
Q

Enkephalins

A

Released following rewarding stimuli, causing pleasurable sensations (euphoria)

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18
Q

When are enkephalins released?

A

Sexual orgasm, satiety of thirst and hunger

Also during vigorous exercise.. decrease pain sensation(analgesic)

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19
Q

Dynorphins

A

Released following punishing stimuli, causing unpleasant sensations (dysphoria)

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20
Q

Where do endorphins have a critical role in learning and memory processes?

A

Hippocampus

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21
Q

What is the first step in detecting / satisfying hunger?

A

Hypothalamus perceives a caloric deficiency (energy deprivation)

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22
Q

What happens after the hypothalamus perceives energy storage?

A

Hypothalamus signals limbic system, which results in
a} dynorphin release (dysphoria)
b}a subjective feeling of “hunger” (discomfort) aroused by limbic system
c} Limbic system organizes and initiates feeding behavior

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23
Q

What happens after feeding behavior?

A

Energy level is normalized

-Both mobilized (blood) and and bodily stores of energy

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24
Q

What happens after normalization of energy level?

A

Hypothalamus subconsciously detects rise in energy

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25
Q

After the hypothalamus detects rise in energy,

A

Hypothalamus signals to limbic system which results in
{a} an enkephalin release (euphoria)
{b} Subjective feeling of satiety
{c} You positively associate whatever you just ate, remember the food well (hippocampus) and go back to that food later

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26
Q

Hippocampus

A

Works with amygdala and cerebral cortex to consolidate information from short-term memory into long-term memory

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27
Q

Short-term memory

A

Limited to several (about 6) specific pieces of stored information, requires lots of energy to keep things here

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28
Q

What does short term memory require?

A

Hippocampal attention, subject to distraction and disappear of not reinforced / practiced

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29
Q

What is short-term memory important for?

A

Short-term planning of behaviors and recalling simple sequences of motor acts

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30
Q

Hippocampus and amygdala assist in…

A

Formation of long-term, more permanent neuronal networks in the cerebral cortex

31
Q

Hippocampus (STM–>LTM)

A

Records context / content of memory ) place and time

32
Q

Amygdala (STM–>LTM)

A

Determines object associations (people and positions) and positive / negative emotional impressions

33
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Transient impairments of reinforcement (black-out drunk) prevents new info storage, yet old memories remain (Ethanol shuts down the function of the hippocampus)

34
Q

Each region of the cerebral cortex specializes in…

A

Long-term memory storage

  • Highly compartmentalized
  • Info stored relates to function of that cortical area
35
Q

Where is sound remembered?

A

Wernicke’s area

36
Q

Where are faces remembered?

A

Visual association areas of left hemisphere

37
Q

Amygdala (Emotional side of limbic memory systems)

A

Association of stimuli with rewards, punishments, severe threats to well-being

  • Dynorphins
  • Enkephalins
38
Q

Other functions of amygdala

A
  • Regulates strength and duration of consolidated memories(more emotional will be better remembered)
  • Mediates emotions of fear, anger, distress, anxiety
39
Q

A hypersensitivity in mediation of negative emotions leads to…

A

Anxiety, PTSD, and OCD

40
Q

SSRIs

A

(Selective serotonin repute inhibitors)

Calm things down, allows logic from cerebral cortex to prevail over the primal, irrational fear

41
Q

Amygdala, if triggered…

A

Has direct line to sympathetic nervous system.. stress hormones flood the system

42
Q

Cingulate gyrus

A

“Gear-shifter”, plays a key role in protecting you from potentially harmful outcomes

43
Q

Functions of cingulate gyrus

A
  • Key role in decision making since it anticipates possible outcomes
  • Talks to the rest of prefrontal cortex involved in the planning of behavior
44
Q

Functions of cingulate gyrus

A
  • Key role in decision making since it anticipates possible outcomes
  • Talks to the rest of prefrontal cortex involved in the planning of behavior
45
Q

Brainstem Neuromodulatory Systems

A

-Small populations of neurons that send fibers to large areas of the brain

46
Q

Function of the Brainstem neuromodulatory systems

A 
Sleep and wake cycle
Arousal levels
Attention (motor and sensory) 
Mood 
Memory
47
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Regulates arousal levels (sleep / wake cycles) and attention or alertness when awake

48
Q

RAS receives inputs from…

A
  1. Cerebral (cognitive)
  2. Limbic (emotional)
  3. Sensory (external
  4. Hypothalamic (internal)
    …systems
49
Q

RAS sends..

A

Outputs to thalamus (sensory pathway arousal) and reticulospinal pathway (motor pathway arousal)

50
Q

Neurotransmitters involved in sleep / wake cycle and mood

A

Seratonin, norepinephrine and dopamine

51
Q

Seratonin

A

A neurotransmitter derived from the amino acid tryptophan, binds seratonin receptors expressed throughout CNS

52
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter (and hormone in ANS), binds adrenergic receptors expressed within the CNS (not just in the peripheral ANS)

53
Q

Dopamine

A

Neurotransmitter produced in a few select (scattered) brain regions (also seen in motor systems)

54
Q

All receptors of sleep / wake cycle and mood neurotransmitters…

A

Are G-protein coupled receptors that activate PKA or PKC pathways in target cells

55
Q

Depression

A

Pathological feeling of fatigue, helplessness, not alert

-Involves chronic disease in 5-HT (seratonin) or NE

56
Q

How do anti-depressants work?

A

Increase brain levels of 5-HT / NE

57
Q

SSRIs examples

A

Prozac, zooloft, etc

58
Q

SNRIs

A

Seratonin / norepinephrine RIs

Other classes of antidepressants

59
Q

Electrophalogram (EEG)

A

Record brain’s electrical activity, electrical potentials sensed by scalp electrodes

60
Q

What is the sleep / wake cycle regulated by?

A

Cyclic changes in RAS activity (NE / 5-HT)

61
Q

Stage 4 (Slow-wave sleep)

A

Deepest sleep, associated with very low RAS activity

62
Q

REM

A

RAS relatively active (particularly motor)

63
Q

Vivid dreaming occurs..

A

During REM sleep which is a relatively “alert” state of sleep when people can sleep walk
(Sleep scientists think this helped us from being eaten during sleep)

64
Q

Prevention of REM sleep can result in..

A

Psychotic behavior (hallucinations, delusions)

65
Q

REM sleep (memory consolidation)

A

Procedural (process) and spatial (environmental) memories

66
Q

SWS (memory consolidation)

A

Memory of facts and knowledge

If you truly want to learn something, you need to SW sleep on it

67
Q

Dopamine (DA) regulates..

A

Motor behavior

68
Q

Excessive DA release leads to…

Also cocaine and amphetamines

A

Hyperactivity

  • Cocaine inhibits DA re-uptake
  • Amphetamines cause DA release
  • Both give perception of physical energy
69
Q

Decreased DA release leads to…

Also Parkinson’s disease

A

Death of DA neurons (lack coordination)

70
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Caused by dysregulated DA release

  • Excessive DA > Mania!
  • Insufficient DA > Depression
71
Q

“Feel good” drugs all cause ..

A

Increased DA release which stimulates reward systems

ex: alcohol, nicotine, opiates, cocaine, ecstasy

72
Q

Summary of dopamine pathway functions and location

A

Frontal cortex

  • Reward (motivation)
  • Pleasure
  • Motor function
  • Compulsion
  • Perseveration
73
Q

Summary of Serotonin pathway functions

A
  • Mood
  • Memory processing
  • Sleep
  • Cognition

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