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Final FA review > 4/17 Uworld review > Flashcards

4/17 Uworld review Flashcards

1
Q

non-membrane bound cytoplasmic lipid that shifts and sometimes causes scalloping of the nucleus.
-what am i describing?

A

liposarcoma.

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2
Q

anisocoria

-define:

A

unequal size of pupils.

-can be benign or pathological.

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3
Q

difficult swallowing & choking when drinking liquids.

-which nerve is possibly damaged?

A

vagus.

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4
Q

HCM

-w/regard to preload & afterload, how do you reduce the murmur/outflow tract obstruction?

A

-Murmur is quieter w/increases in preload & afterload.

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5
Q

IgA deficient pt getting blood products from normal person. Risk of what reaction?

A

anaphylaxis.

-type 1 HSR.

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6
Q

DNA rep:

-which enzyme replaces RNA primers w/DNA?

A

DNA pol 1

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7
Q

DNA rep:

-which enzyme replaces RNA primers w/DNA?

A

DNA pol 1

-only then does ligase join the DNA segments together.

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8
Q

DNA rep:

-which enzyme replaces RNA primers w/DNA?

A

DNA pol 1

-only then does ligase join the DNA segments formed by DNA Pol 3 to the new segments formed by DNA Pol 1.

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9
Q

(1-specificity) = __________ rate

A

(1-specificity) = false positive rate.

*specificity is about the true negatives. So true negatives + the false positives has to = 1.

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10
Q

TP + TN / all obersvations =

A

accuracy

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11
Q

(TP + TN) / all obersvations =

A

accuracy

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12
Q

glyburide

-what is it?

A

sulfonylurea.

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13
Q

alkaptonuria

-only non-benign Sx that can occur?

A

debilitating arthralgias.

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14
Q

alkaptonuria

-only non-benign Sx that can occur?

A

debilitating arthralgias.

  • due to deposition of the pigment in the joint cartilage.
  • only happens once its built up a lot, so when pt is 40-50 yo.
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15
Q

rigidity w/passive wrist flexion:

A

parkinsons

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16
Q

cogwheel rigidity

-seen in what disease?

A

parkinsons

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17
Q

foam stability test for fetal lung maturity

-what do you add to what?

A

ethanol + surfactant.

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18
Q

What vertebral level is the pancreas?

A

L1

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19
Q

why is heparin safer choice than warfarin during pregnancy?

A

heparin can not cross the placenta bc its water soluble.

  • warfarin is lipid soluble & can cross the placenta.
  • water soluble materials (ie. direct bilirubin) do not cross the placenta but lipophilic materials (ie. indirect bili) do.
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20
Q

N. gonnorrhea

-virulence factor?

A

pili

-doesn’t have capsule like n. meningitidis.

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21
Q

cotton-wool exudates on ophtho exam in AIDS pt?

A

CMV retinitis.

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22
Q

recidivism

-define?

A

relapsing.

-ie. quitting smoking then starting back up again.

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23
Q

Influenza: viral HA and NA proteins are coded by different segments.

A

good to know!

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24
Q

Influenza: viral HA and NA proteins are coded by different segments.
-what does this predispose to?

A

allows genetic reassortment.

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25
Q

Influenza: viral HA and NA proteins are coded by different segments.
-what does this predispose to?

A

allows genetic reassortment which = antigenic shift.

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26
Q

phenotypic mixing

-define:

A

when 2 viruses infect the same cell & progeny viruses exhibit coat or envelope proteins not coded for by their genetic material.

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27
Q 
JVP tracing (aka RA pressures)
-a wave?
A

RA contraction.

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28
Q

JVP tracing (aka RA pressures)

  • a wave?
  • absent in which disease?
A

RA contraction.

-absent in afib.

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29
Q

JVP tracing

  • c wave?
  • absent in which disease?
A

RV contraction pushes tricuspid in & causes inc in RA pressure.
-absent in tricuspid regurg (i believe).

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30
Q

nadir

-define:

A

lowest point.

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31
Q

JVP tracing

  • c wave?
  • absent in which disease?
A

RV contraction pushes tricuspid in & causes inc in RA pressure.

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32
Q

JVP

  • x descent
  • absent in which disease?
A
  • negative pressure as blood flows across from RV contraction.
  • absent in tricuspid regurg.
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33
Q

Whats the only thing that will reverse the flow of a VSD?

A

Eisenmenger.

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34
Q

Damage to sup. colliculus

-what sort of gaze palsy?

A

paralysis of conjugate vertical gaze.

-parinaud syndrome.

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35
Q

How does phenylephrine dec. pulse pressure?

A
  • reflex brady = dec. inotropy = dec. systolic.

- arteriolar vasoconstriction = inc. diastolic.

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36
Q

does epinephrine vasoconstrict or vasodilate?

A

vasodilate

-preferential action on beta-2 over alpha-1.

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37
Q

What is a TATA box?

A

part of DNA

-promotes txn of the DNA into RNA.

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38
Q

What is a TATA box?

A

part of DNA

  • promotes txn of the DNA into RNA.
  • binding site of RNA Pol 2.
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39
Q

What is a TATA box?

A

part of DNA

  • promotes txn of the DNA into RNA.
  • binding site of RNA Pol 2.
  • the TATA sequence itself is NOT transcribed.
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40
Q

what is a CAAT box?

A

same as TATA box.

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41
Q

what is a CAAT box?

A

same as TATA box.

-initiates TXN.

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42
Q

defect in lysyl hydroxylase

-which disease?

A

Ehlers Danlos.

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43
Q

stellate cell

  • where is it found?
  • aka?
  • functions?
A
  • liver
  • ito cell
  • vitamin A storage & can differentiate into myelofibroblast upon injury to liver & play big role in fibrosis of liver.
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44
Q

Which ABxs bind to 23s of 50s ribosome?

A

macrolides, clindamycin,

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45
Q

Cloramphenicol

-mech:

A

Block peptidyltransferase at 50S ribosome.

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46
Q

Cloramphenicol

-mech:

A

Block peptidyltransferase at 50S ribosome.

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47
Q

Which ABxs bind to 23s of 50s ribosome?

A

macrolides, clindamycin.

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48
Q

Which ABXs are neutralized by modifying the drug?

A

chloramphenicol & aminoglycosides.

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49
Q

spleen contains ~ 1/2 the total Ig producing B cells in the body.

A

-another reason why sickle cell w/splenic infarct get infections.

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50
Q

spleen contains ~ 1/2 the total Ig producing B cells in the body.

A

-another reason why sickle cell w/splenic infarct get infections - bc IgG = needed for opsonization.

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51
Q

Radiation exposure

-leads to which cancers?

A

leukemia, papillary carcinoma of thyroid, sarcoma, breast cancer.

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52
Q

High serum albumin level

-may indicate what?

A

hemoconcentration.

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53
Q

Mab vs IL-2 receptor:

A

basiliximab

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54
Q

tardive dyskinesia

  • what causes it?
  • Tx:
A
  • long term use of typical anti-psychotics. these meds block D2 receptors, and tardive dyskinesia happens bc the D2 receptors are then upregulated (w/concomitant dec. in ACh).
  • Tx: stop all anti-cholinergic meds & ween off the anti-psychotic.

*much less common if using atypical anti-psychotics.

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55
Q

tardive dyskinesia

  • what causes it?
  • Tx:
A

Long term use of typical anti-psychotics. These meds block D2 receptors, and tardive dyskinesia happens bc the D2 receptors are then upregulated (w/concomitant dec. in ACh).
-Tx: stop all anti-cholinergic meds & ween off the anti-psychotic.

  • aka, hypersensitivity to D2.
  • much less common if using atypical anti-psychotics.
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56
Q

dopamine => NE

-which enzyme?

A

dopamine beta-hydroxylase.

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57
Q

respiratory Sxs is SVC syndrome

-due to what?

A

laryngeal edema.

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58
Q

What enzyme used by RNA viruses to replicate their genome?

A

RNA dep. RNA polymerase.

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59
Q

painful pharyngeal muscular spasms & neuro problems

-which bug?

A

rabies.

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60
Q

where are negri bodies found?

A
  • purkinje cells of cerebellum.

- hippocampus.

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61
Q

most common cause of human rabies in the USA?

A

bats

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62
Q

painful pharyngeal muscular spasms & neuro problems

-which bug?

A

rabies.

-hydrophobia results due to choking while drinking.

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63
Q

baroreceptor firing frequency & BP

  • relationship?
  • directly or inversely related?
A

directly related.

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64
Q

reflex tachy

-mediated by which nerves?

A
  • dec. vagal tone

- inc beta-1 tone

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65
Q

are corticosteroids okay to use in pregnancy?

A

yes

-they are category C - so they can be used.

66
Q

sulfasalazine

-can be used in which diseases?

A

IBD & RA.

67
Q

Category A, B, C, D

-can these be used in pregnancy?

A

yes

*category D has risks but can be used in some cases.

68
Q

Category X

-can it be used in pregnancy?

A

no

69
Q

orlistat

-mech?

A

inhibit intestinal lipase.

70
Q

blood from most pelvic organs drain into which vein?

A

internal iliac vein.

71
Q

blood from most pelvic organs drain into which vein?

A

internal iliac vein.

  • also from middle rectal vein.
  • inf rectal vein => internal pudendal.
72
Q

blood from most pelvic organs drain into which vein?

A

internal iliac vein.

  • also from middle rectal vein.
  • inf rectal vein => internal pudendal => internal pudendal.
73
Q

Hydrophobic AAs:

A

glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenyalanine, tryptophan, methionine, proline.

74
Q

Only sinus that receives blood from facial veins?

A

cavernous sinus.

75
Q

Only sinus that receives blood from facial veins?

A

cavernous sinus.

*acute infection of face could spread here.

76
Q

which sinus drains finally into the IJ?

A

sigmoid sinus.

77
Q

Is VSD ever going to cause cyanosis in an infant?

A

For our purposes, NO.

-answer is probably going to be tetrology of fallot.

78
Q

severe anemia does not usually result in cyanosis.

A

good to know.

79
Q

amebiasis

  • refers to infection w/what?
  • why is it seen in homos?
A

entamoeba histolytica

-can be spread oral-anal.

80
Q

lumbar lordosis

-which muscles are flexed too much?

A

hip flexors.

*not extensors!

81
Q

hypertensive woman that gives birth to baby w/congenital renal problems.
-you can assume the mother was on what meds?

A

ACE inhibitors.

82
Q

Why do they call apoB-48 this?

A

its a truncated version of apoB-100.

-its 48% of the size.

83
Q

Lisch nodules

  • which disease
  • what is it? what exactly is pigmented?
A
  • NF1

- pigmented iris hamartomas.

84
Q

niacin

-mech:

A
  • dec liver VLDL synthesis.

- dec. HSL activity so less lipids are sent to bloodstream.

85
Q

friable, inflamed mucosa in rectum + neutrophils in crypt lumina.
-which disease?

A

UC.

86
Q

friable, inflamed mucosa in rectum + neutrophils in crypt lumina. multiple pseudopolyps.
-which disease?

A

UC.

87
Q

Drug eluting stents

  • which drugs typically used?
  • for what purpose?
A
  • paclitaxel or sirolimus.

- to prevent intimal hyperplasia - so you dont get stenosis again.

88
Q

herpesvirus

-whats special about it w/regards to assembly?

A
  • assembles in nucleus and has a nuclear envelope.

- dsDNA virus.

89
Q

Only RNA viruses that replicate in nucleus?

A

influenza & retroviruses.

90
Q

Only DNA virus that replicates in cytoplasm?

A

poxvirus.

91
Q

HHV-3

-which virus is this?

A

herpes zoster

-aka shingles.

92
Q

Upon termination of insulin action, how is GLUT-4 taken back into the cell?

A

clathrin-coated pits.

93
Q

saphenous nerve

-pure motor or pure sensory?

A

pure sensory nerve.

94
Q

saphenous nerve

  • pure motor or pure sensory?
  • for which part of body?
A

pure sensory nerve for medial leg & foot.

95
Q

NF-kB

  • what does it do?
  • what are corticosteroid actions on it?
A
  • its the txn factor that encodes inflammation. It induces production of TNF-alpha & other pro-inflammatory chemicals.
  • corticosteroids inactivate NF-kB.
96
Q

H-bonding btwn hydroxyproline residues stabilizes the triple helix structure (which is formed in the RER).

A

-good to know

97
Q

lysyl oxidase

  • what does it do?
  • whats its cofactor?
  • problem w/this = what disease?
A
  • cross links extracellular collagen fibers via covalent bonds.
  • copper
  • problem w/cross-linking = Ehlers Danlos.
98
Q

Generalized transduction

  • can the virus w/bacterial DNA infect another cell?
  • can it produce progeny?
A
  • yes it can infect another bacteria.

- no it can not produce progeny bc it has bacterial DNA in it, not its own viral DNA.

99
Q

Huntingtons

-whats the cause?

A

atrophy of the caudate.

100
Q

Huntingtons

-whats the cause?

A

atrophy of the caudate.

-dec GABA & ACh.

101
Q

Huntingtons

  • whats the trinucleotide thats repeated?
  • what amino acid does it code for?
A
  • CAG

- glutamine.

102
Q

MCAD deficiency

  • what is it?
  • Sxs:
A
  • inability to degrade medium chain FAs.

- fasting hypoglycemia.

103
Q

MCAD deficiency

  • what is it?
  • Sxs:
A

-inability to degrade medium chain FAs.
-fasting hypoglycemia (need acetyl-coa from FA oxid for gluconeo).
-

104
Q

Any auto recessive enzyme deficiency.

  • homozygous has no enzyme activity
  • what about the heterozygous? does he have full? half?
A
  • the heterozygous has half the enzyme activity.
  • the enzyme is coded for on that allele, and he only has one working allele, which means he only makes half the amount of that enzyme.
105
Q

blood CPK

-whats cpk?

A

creatine phosphokinase.

106
Q

does furosemide cause hypo or hyperkalemia?

-how?

A
  • hypokalemia

- more Na delivered to collecting duct which means more aldo effect = wastes more H and K.

107
Q

differentiating rhabdo from statins vs hypokalemia from furosemide:

A
  • rhabdo = acute onset w/red urine.

- furosemide induced hypokalemia = will happen over a week or so.

108
Q

anti-SRP

-which disease?

A

polymyositis/dermatomyositis.

109
Q

young pt presenting w/herpes zoster

-what should you test them for?

A

HIV (immunosuppression).

110
Q

beta-1

-inc or dec lipolysis?

A

inc. lipolysis

111
Q

positive selection of T cells

  • where in thymus does it happen?
  • does this happen before or after negative selection?
  • whats the selection process.
A
  • cortex of thymus.
  • before negative selection.
  • testing T cells to see if they bind to MHC. If they dont, theyre disposed of.
112
Q

negative selection of T cells

  • where in thymus?
  • does this happen before or after positive selection?
  • whats the selection process?
A
  • medulla
  • after
  • T cells binding too tightly to self MHC are disposed of.
113
Q

RA morning stiffness

-how long does it typically last?

A

almost over an hour.

114
Q

RA morning stiffness

-how long does it typically last?

A

~ 1 hr.

115
Q

yellow under parallel light

-gout or pseudogout?

A

GOUT.

116
Q

microsatellite instability

-due to what?

A

defects in DNA mismatch repair enzymes.

-ie. HNPCC.

117
Q

red/blue or yellow/brown nodules that involve the pelvic mucosal/serosal surfaces:

A

endometriosis.

118
Q

dysmenorrhea & pelvic pain during periods

-potential cause?

A

endometriosis.

119
Q

dysmenorrhea & pelvic pain during periods w/random lesions in the peritoneal/pelvic cavity.
-potential cause?

A

endometriosis.

120
Q

most common opportunistic pathogen invading GI tract of HIV pts?

A

CMV (a herpesvirus).

121
Q

most common opportunistic pathogen invading GI tract of HIV pts?

A

CMV (a herpesvirus).

-CMV colitis = 2nd most common reactivation syndrome after CMV retinitis.

122
Q

most common opportunistic pathogen invading GI tract of HIV pts?

A

CMV (a herpesvirus).
-CMV colitis = 2nd most common reactivation syndrome after CMV retinitis.

*giant cells w/large ovoid nuclei containing central intranuclear inclusions (owl eyes).

123
Q

Diarrhea in HIV pt

-differential?

A

CMV
cryptosporidium
microsporidium
MAC

124
Q

Diarrhea in HIV pt

-differential?

A
  • CMV
  • cryptosporidium
  • microsporidium
  • MAC (will have granulomas & acid fast stain)
125
Q

raltegravire

  • what is it?
  • mnemonic?
A

integrase inhibitor for HIV.

-ralTEGRAvire = inTEGRAse inhibitor.

126
Q

tortuous veins visible on lower abdominal wall

-sign of what?

A

upstream blockage - whether it be portal HTN or IVC blockage.

127
Q

carboxyHb

  • Hb w/what attached?
  • whats the O2 dissociation curve look like?
A
  • carbon monoxide.

- asymptotic instead of sigmoid.

128
Q

Wilsons

-where exactly is the copper deposited to get the kaiser Fleischer rings?

A

in the cornea.

129
Q
  • myeloperoxidase found where?

- NADPH oxidase found where?

A
  • myelo = inside lysosomes.
  • NADPH oxidase = membrane protein present on phagosome.

*lysosome and phagosome will eventually fuse.

130
Q

nests of nevomelanocytes w/hyperchromatic nuclei bridging w/nests in neighboring rete pegs:

A

dysplastic nevus.

131
Q

nests of nevomelanocytes w/hyperchromatic nuclei bridging w/nests in neighboring rete pegs:

A

dysplastic nevus.

-will become melanoma.

132
Q

nests of nevomelanocytes w/hyperchromatic nuclei bridging w/nests in neighboring rete pegs:

A

dysplastic nevus.

-can become melanoma.

133
Q

most common skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma.

134
Q

if they’re going to describe basal cell carcinoma histologically, what will they most probably include?

A

nuclear palisading.

135
Q

5 secondary brain vesicles

  • what are they?
  • mnemonic?
A

TDMMM

  • telencephalon
  • diencephalon
  • mesencephalon
  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
136
Q

telencephalon

-becomes what?

A

cerebral hemispheres.

137
Q

diencephalon

-becomes what?

A

thalamus.

138
Q

mesencephalon

-becomes what?

A

midbrain.

139
Q

myelencephalon

-becomes what?

A

medulla.

140
Q

Which ventricle goes through thalamus?

A

3rd ventricle.

141
Q

aqueduct of sylvius goes thru what portion of brain?

A

midbrain.

142
Q

alcoholic cerebellar degeneration

-caused by degeneration of which cells?

A

purkinje cells.

143
Q

alcoholic cerebellar degeneration

-caused by degeneration of which cells?

A

purkinje cells.

-cerebellum derived from rhombencephalon.

144
Q

alcoholic cerebellar degeneration

  • Sxs:
  • caused by degeneration of which cells?
A
  • ataxia, broad-based gait, truncal instability.
  • purkinje cells.
  • cerebellum derived from rhombencephalon.
145
Q

leucine zipper

A

nucleic acid binding domain.

146
Q

leucine zipper

A

nucleic acid binding domain.

-like zinc-finger motif.

147
Q

leucine zipper

A

nucleic acid binding domain.
-like zinc-finger motif.

*obvious not part of ligand binding domain bc every ligand binding domain will be unique.

148
Q

gestational trophoblastic disease

  • encompasses which diseases?
  • which chemical is elevated?
A
  • complete mole, partial mole, choriocarcinoma.

- beta-HCG.

149
Q

“tretin”

-think what?

A

vitamin A.

150
Q

dihydropyridines

-selective for what?

A

-arteriolar smooth muscle.

151
Q

how is galactose converted to glucose?

A

galactose => g-1-p => g-6-p then glucose-6-phosphatase converts it to glucose.
-unless of course the pt has von-gierkes, then g-6-p builds up & cant be converted to glucose.

152
Q

how is fructose converted to glucose?

A

fructose => f-1-p => DHAP + glyceraldehyde => g-3-p…and eventually becomes g-6-p.
-glucose-6-phosphatase converts it to glucose, unless the pt has von gierkes, then g-6-p builds up.

153
Q

why do you get lactic acidosis in von-gierkes?

A

Cori cycle: lactic acid made by muscle sent to liver.

  • converted back to pyrvuate via LDH.
  • pyruvate undergoes gluconeo and converts to glucose, & liver sends glucose back into blood.
  • if you have von-gierkes, you cant do last step of gluconeo (no glucose-6-phosphatase) - so lactic acid builds up.
154
Q

how is galactose converted to glucose?

A

galactose => g-1-p => g-6-p then glucose-6-phosphatase converts it to glucose.
-unless of course the pt has von-gierkes, then g-6-p builds up & cant be converted to glucose.

*built up g-6-p shunted to glycolysis & lactic acid prod.

155
Q

how is fructose converted to glucose?

A

fructose => f-1-p => DHAP + glyceraldehyde => g-3-p…and eventually becomes g-6-p.
-glucose-6-phosphatase converts it to glucose, unless the pt has von gierkes, then g-6-p builds up.

*built up g-6-p shunted towrard glycolysis & lactic acid production.

156
Q

What stains PAS (+)?

A

detects polysaccs like glycogen.

-detects sugars!

157
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

-where is glycogen made?

A
  • granules in the cytoplasm.

- in the cytoplasm.

158
Q

peroxisome beta-oxidation

-what is the energy used for?

A

generate hydrogen peroxide.

159
Q

high LH levels result in inc. conversion of testosterone to estradiol.

A

results in gynecomastia, for instance in klinefelters.

160
Q

klinefelters

  • whats the genotype?
  • how did it occur?
A
  • 47 XXY

- materanl nondisjunction in meiosis.

161
Q

klinefelters

  • whats the genotype?
  • how did it occur?
A
  • 47 XXY

- maternal nondisjunction in meiosis.

Final FA review (52 decks)

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