4/16 overall Flashcards
Infections in CGD:
-mnemonic:
CGD infected by the SEA.
-Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus.
NADPH oxidase
-found in which organelle?
phagosomes.
Eccrine sweat glands.
- where are they found?
- purpose?
- whats their primary stimulus for secretion?
- all throughout the skin, especially in palms/soles.
- purpose is for thermoregulation.
- stimulated by direct sympathetic activity.
Appocrine sweat glands.
- where are they found?
- purpose?
- whats their primary stimulus for secretion?
- axillae, genitals, anus = not active until puberty.
- release oily and viscous sweat.
- stimulated by circulating catecholamines.
Effect of smoking on alveolar macrophages.
Smoking inhibits alveolar macrophage action.
hemochromatosis
-which HLA?
HLA-A3
-A3 looks like F3 = Fe = Iron.
Celiac disease
-which HLA?
DQ2/DQ8
-cant go to Dairy Queen if you have Celiac Disease.
HLA-DR2
- which diseases?
- mnemonic:
Multiple sclerosis, hay fever, SLE, Goodpasture syndrome.
-Must Have Some Good luck to not get any disease if you have this HLA.
Diabetes mellitus type 1
- which HLA?
- mnemonic?
HLA-DR3-4
-Dr. DR3 has no insulin when he was 3 cuz he was broke and had no sugar to eat.
SLE
-which HLA?
HLA-DR2-3
Graves disease
- which HLA?
- mnemonic?
HLA-DR3
-you’ll never see DR. DR3 in the grave.
Rheumatoid arthritis
- which HLA?
- mnemonic?
HLA-DR4
-There are 4 walls in a “rheum” (room).
Hashimoto thyroiditis
- which HLA?
- mnemonic?
HLA-DR5
-graves is higher in thyroid function but hashi has a higher DR#, 5 compared to 3.
Pernicious anemia
-which HLA?
HLA-DR5
-same as hashimoto.
Ethosuximide
-worst side effect?
Steven’s Johnsons Syndrome
Which seizure med can cause SIADH?
carbamazepine
Tramadol
- mech?
- mnemonic?
- tox?
- Very weak opioid agonist; also inhibits serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake.
- works on multiple neurotransmitters—“tram it all” in with tramadol
- Similar to opioids. Decreases seizure threshold. Serotonin syndrome.
Butorphanol
- mech:
- tox:
- Mu-opioid receptor partial agonist and kappa-opioid receptor agonist; produces analgesia.
- Overdose not easily reversed with naloxone.
CN V motor lesion
-jaw deviates toward or away from lesion?
toward lesion.
*opposite of what I would guess.
CN X lesion
-uvula deviates toward or away from lesion?
away from lesion
*-uvulA = Away
CN XII lesion (LMN)
-tongue deviates toward or away from lesion?
toward lesion
*lick your wounds.
middle meningeal artery goes through what foramen?
foramen spinosum.
niacin
-mechanism:
- Inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissue.
- reduces hepatic VLDL synthesis.
Alar plate
- ventral or dorsal?
- motor or sensory?
- mnemonic?
SAD: sensory, dorsal, alar.
Most common sign of initial periph. neuropathy in DM
pts is loss of vibration sense.
-which sensory corpuscles affected?
Pacinian corpuscles
Which sensory corpuscle found in epidermis?
-whats its function?
Merkel cells in basal epidermal layer.
-Pressure, deep static touch (e.g., shapes, edges), position sense.
Peripheral nerve
-whats the permeability barrier?
perineurium.
-Must be rejoined in microsurgery for limb reattachment.
antimicrosomal Ab
-which disease?
hashimotos
ataxia telangiectasia
-deficiency of which Ig?
IgA deficiency.
LSD abuse
-dilated or constricted pupils?
dilated.
Obstructive lung disease
- FVC value?
- why?
Dec.
-cant blow out as much due to the obstruction - some air gets trapped.
Digoxin toxicity caused by a diuretic
-which diuretic & how?
Furosemide caused hypokalemia and hypokalemia inc. risk of digoxin toxicity.
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- nephrotic or nephritic?
- what do you see in glomerulus?
- mechanism?
- nephrotic
- segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis.
- effacement of foot process similar to minimal change disease.
*distinguishing feature = hyaline deposition
Most common fetal neoplasm?
sacrococcygeal teratoma.
- remnant of primitive streak.
- benign & easily resected.
hypoalbuminemia seen in CHF
-cause?
-dilutional hypoalbuminemia due to excess fluid.
Bleomycin vs Busulfan
- which one has minimal BMS and which one has severe BMS?
- mnemonic?
- Bleomycin = minimal BMS.
- Busulfan = severe BMS.
*mnemonic: Busulfan cross links DNA so it has a direct BMS activity. Bleomycin generates free radicals, so it could by change do some damage to bone marrow.
I cell disease
-what happens to the proteins that were meant for the lysosome?
secreted out of the cell.
-results in many intracellular exclusions.
glargine
-what is it?
long acting synthetic insulin.
glipizide
-what is it?
sulfonylurea.
metformin
-primary mechanism of action?
inhibit gluconeo.
IgA nephropathy
- nephritic or nephrotic?
- how long after URI/acute gastroenteritis?
- nephritic
- shows up few days later (vs PSGN which shows up few weeks later).
SLE - which 2 renal problems?
- Membranous nephropathy (nephrotic)
- Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN)
