4/13 overall Flashcards
Musculocutaneous
-sensation where?
lateral forearm.
Supracondylar fracture of humerus
-which nerve damaged?
median n.
Lumbrical muscles
-actions:
Flex at the MCP joint, extend PIP and DIP joints.
Bakers cyst
- where is this?
- what n. can it damage?
- popliteal fossa.
- tibial n.
What disease often caused damage to sup. gluteal nerve & led to trendelenburg sign?
polio.
Nerve: Long thoracic
-paired artery?
Lateral thoracic
Nerve: Axillary
-paired artery?
Posterior circumflex
Nerve: Radial
-paired artery?
Deep brachial
Nerve: Median
-paired artery?
Brachial
Nerve: Tibial
-paired artery?
Popliteal, Posterior tibial.
Diffuse epidermal hyperplasia with increased thickness of the stratum spinosum.
- whats the word?
- mnemonic?
Acanthosis.
-think about acanothosis nigricans. Its obviously epidermal hyperplasia, and think of the skin tags as inc. thickness of stratum spinosum (spiny).
Inc. thickness of stratum corneum.
- whats the word?
- example?
Hyperkaratosis.
-callus, psoriasis.
Hyperkeratosis with retention of nuclei in stratum corneum.
-whats the word?
Parakeratosis.
-actinic keratosis & psoriasis.
Epidermal accumulation of edematous fluid in intercellular spaces.
-whats the word?
Spongiosis.
-Eczematous dermatitis.
*Edema can get so bad that desmosomes btwn keratinocytes can snap and intraepidermal vesicles can form.
Urticaria
-what causes them?
Mast cell degranulation.
Which lung has 3 lobes?
Right lung.
Aspirate a peanut while supine.
-where will it go?
- superior portion of right inferior lobe.
- posterior segments of right upper lobes.
Relation of the pulmonary artery to the bronchus at
each lung hilus is described by what mnemonic?
RALS—Right Anterior; Left Superior.
Bottom of lung:
Bottom of pleural cavity:
- 6, 8, 10.
- 8, 10, 12.
What passes thru aortic hiatus at T12?
-mnemonic?
At T12: aorta (red), thoracic duct (white), azygos vein (blue) (“At T-1-2 it’s the red, white, and blue”).
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
-define:
RV + ERV (volume in lungs after normal expiration).
*decreased in ARDS.
Vital capacity (VC)
- define:
- mnemonic:
TV + IRV + ERV
- Maximum volume of gas that can be expired after a maximal inspiration.
- blowing out birthday candles.
*same as forced vital capacity.
Why is diffusion limited in emphysema?
Surface area of diffusion is decreased.
When is Pulmonary vascular resistance the lowest?
At FRC (after normal exhalation).
Shunt:
- whats the V/Q?
- example?
V/Q = 0
-someone choking.
Annular pancreas
-how will it present?
recurrent bilious vomitting as an infant.
-its not going to suddenly show up later in life.
Uncinate process
-formed by which pancreatic bud?
Ventral.
Which ligament contains portal triad?
hepatoduodenal ligament.
Which ligament contains splenic art & vein?
Splenorenal ligament.
VIPoma
-Sxs:
- non-α, non-β islet cell pancreatic tumor that secretes VIP.
- Copious Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, and Achlorhydria (WDHA syndrome).
VIPoma
-Tx:
octreotide.
Pancreatic secretions:
- low flow = high what?
- high flow = high what?
- low flow = high Cl.
- high flow = high bicarb.
1st aortic arch:
- develops into?
- mnemonic?
Part of maxillary artery (branch of external carotid).
-1st arch is maximal.
2nd aortic arch:
- develops into?
- mnemonic?
- Stapedial artery and hyoid artery.
- Second = Stapedial.
3rd aortic arch:
- develops into?
- mnemonic?
- Common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal Carotid artery.
- C is 3rd letter of alphabet.
4th aortic arch:
- develops into?
- mnemonic?
- left = aortic arch
- right, proximal part of right subclavian artery.
- 4th arch (4 limbs) = systemic.
6th aortic arch:
-develops into?
-Proximal part of pulmonary arteries & ductus arteriosus.
1st branchial/pharyngeal arch:
-innervation?
V2 & V3.
2nd branchial/pharyngeal arch:
-innervation?
CN 7
3rd branchial/pharyngeal arch:
-innervation?
CN 9
4th branchial/pharyngeal arch:
-innervation?
CN X (superior laryngeal branch).
6th branchial/pharyngeal arch:
-innervation?
CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch).
pharyngeal nerves?
-whats special about these nerves?
5, 7, 9, 10.
- These are the only CNs with both motor and sensory components
- some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more.
Branchial/pharyngeal apparatus
- contains clefts, arches, and pouches.
- what do each of these classes derive from?
- whats the mnemonic?
CAP covers outside to inside:
Clefts = ectoderm
Arches = mesoderm (& neural crest)
Pouches = endoderm
1st branchial cleft
-develops into:
1st cleft develops into external auditory meatus.
Treacher Collins syndrome:
1st branchial-arch neural crest fails to migrate => mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities.
1st pouch
-gives rise to:
-endoderm-lined structures of ear.
2nd pouch
-gives rise to:
-epithelial lining of palatine tonsil.
3rd pouch
-gives rise to:
-inferior parathyroids & thymus.
4th pouch
-gives rise to:
-superior parathyroids.
3rd v 4th pouch.
-mnemonic for knowing which one gives sup/inf parathyroids:
-3 is inferior # to 4, 3 has inferior parathyroids and 4
has superior parathyroid.
Which pouch gives rise to thymus?
-mnemonic?
3rd
- Third = Thymus.
- you know its btwn 3rd and 4th btwn DiGeorge is aberrant development of 3rd & 4th.
Relative Risk equation:
a/(a + b) / c/(c + d)
Odds ratio equation:
a/c / b/d
Attributable risk
-equation? Kind of like what other equation?
Its like relative risk except instead of dividing you subtract.
a/(a + b) - c/(c + d)
Number needed to treat
-equation:
1/absolute risk reduction
Number needed to harm
-equation:
1/attributable risk
Which amino acid used to make NO?
arginine
citalopram
-what is it?
SSRI
Sciatic nerve: roots:
L2 to S3.
Propylthiouracil vs methimazole
- which one also blocks peripheral 5′-deiodinase?
- what is a feared side effect of these two?
- PTU
- agranulocytosis.
How long does it take for blastocyst to implant?
6 days minimum.
which bugs have IgA protease?
Neisseria, strep pneumo, H.influenzae.
Is pancreas retroperitoneal?
yes, except its tail.
High FFA relationship to diabetes:
high FFAs inc. insulin resistance.
-“lipotoxicity”.
Nonpulsatile bleed
-what does this tell u?
Its a venous bleed, not an arterial bleed.
Common characteristic of all astrocytomas?
they’re all benign.
Probenecid
- mech:
- C/I in which pts?
- Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PCT (also inhibits secretion of penicillin).
- dont use in pts w/renal failure or urate stones.
- its a uricosuric drug.
