Vital capacity (VC) - define: - mnemonic:

TV + IRV + ERV - Maximum volume of gas that can be expired after a maximal inspiration. - blowing out birthday candles. same as forced vital capacity.

4/13 overall Flashcards by Mike Mah

Musculocutaneous

-sensation where?

lateral forearm.

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Supracondylar fracture of humerus

-which nerve damaged?

median n.

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Lumbrical muscles

-actions:

Flex at the MCP joint, extend PIP and DIP joints.

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Bakers cyst

where is this?
what n. can it damage?

popliteal fossa.

- tibial n.

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What disease often caused damage to sup. gluteal nerve & led to trendelenburg sign?

polio.

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Nerve: Long thoracic

-paired artery?

Lateral thoracic

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Nerve: Axillary

-paired artery?

Posterior circumflex

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Nerve: Radial

-paired artery?

Deep brachial

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Nerve: Median

-paired artery?

Brachial

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Nerve: Tibial

-paired artery?

Popliteal, Posterior tibial.

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Diffuse epidermal hyperplasia with increased thickness of the stratum spinosum.

whats the word?
mnemonic?

Acanthosis.
-think about acanothosis nigricans. Its obviously epidermal hyperplasia, and think of the skin tags as inc. thickness of stratum spinosum (spiny).

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Inc. thickness of stratum corneum.

whats the word?
example?

Hyperkaratosis.

-callus, psoriasis.

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Hyperkeratosis with retention of nuclei in stratum corneum.

-whats the word?

Parakeratosis.

-actinic keratosis & psoriasis.

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Epidermal accumulation of edematous fluid in intercellular spaces.
-whats the word?

Spongiosis.
-Eczematous dermatitis.

*Edema can get so bad that desmosomes btwn keratinocytes can snap and intraepidermal vesicles can form.

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Urticaria

-what causes them?

Mast cell degranulation.

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Which lung has 3 lobes?

Right lung.

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Aspirate a peanut while supine.

-where will it go?

superior portion of right inferior lobe.

- posterior segments of right upper lobes.

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Relation of the pulmonary artery to the bronchus at

each lung hilus is described by what mnemonic?

RALS—Right Anterior; Left Superior.

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Bottom of lung:

Bottom of pleural cavity:

6, 8, 10.

- 8, 10, 12.

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What passes thru aortic hiatus at T12?

-mnemonic?

At T12: aorta (red), thoracic duct (white), azygos vein (blue) (“At T-1-2 it’s the red, white, and blue”).

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Functional residual capacity (FRC)

-define:

RV + ERV (volume in lungs after normal expiration).

*decreased in ARDS.

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Vital capacity (VC)

define:
mnemonic:

TV + IRV + ERV

Maximum volume of gas that can be expired after a maximal inspiration.
blowing out birthday candles.

*same as forced vital capacity.

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Why is diffusion limited in emphysema?

Surface area of diffusion is decreased.

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When is Pulmonary vascular resistance the lowest?

At FRC (after normal exhalation).

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Shunt: - whats the V/Q? - example?

V/Q = 0 | -someone choking.

Annular pancreas | -how will it present?

recurrent bilious vomitting as an infant. | -its not going to suddenly show up later in life.

Uncinate process | -formed by which pancreatic bud?

Ventral.

Which ligament contains portal triad?

hepatoduodenal ligament.

Which ligament contains splenic art & vein?

Splenorenal ligament.

VIPoma | -Sxs:

- non-α, non-β islet cell pancreatic tumor that secretes VIP. - Copious Watery Diarrhea, Hypokalemia, and Achlorhydria (WDHA syndrome).

VIPoma | -Tx:

octreotide.

Pancreatic secretions: - low flow = high what? - high flow = high what?

- low flow = high Cl. | - high flow = high bicarb.

1st aortic arch: - develops into? - mnemonic?

Part of maxillary artery (branch of external carotid). | -1st arch is maximal.

2nd aortic arch: - develops into? - mnemonic?

- Stapedial artery and hyoid artery. | - Second = Stapedial.

3rd aortic arch: - develops into? - mnemonic?

- Common Carotid artery and proximal part of internal Carotid artery. - C is 3rd letter of alphabet.

4th aortic arch: - develops into? - mnemonic?

- left = aortic arch - right, proximal part of right subclavian artery. - 4th arch (4 limbs) = systemic.

6th aortic arch: | -develops into?

-Proximal part of pulmonary arteries & ductus arteriosus.

1st branchial/pharyngeal arch: | -innervation?

V2 & V3.

2nd branchial/pharyngeal arch: | -innervation?

CN 7

3rd branchial/pharyngeal arch: | -innervation?

CN 9

4th branchial/pharyngeal arch: | -innervation?

CN X (superior laryngeal branch).

6th branchial/pharyngeal arch: | -innervation?

CN X (recurrent laryngeal branch).

pharyngeal nerves? | -whats special about these nerves?

5, 7, 9, 10. * These are the only CNs with both motor and sensory components * some say marry money but my brother says big brains matter more.

Branchial/pharyngeal apparatus - contains clefts, arches, and pouches. - what do each of these classes derive from? - whats the mnemonic?

CAP covers outside to inside: Clefts = ectoderm Arches = mesoderm (& neural crest) Pouches = endoderm

1st branchial cleft | -develops into:

1st cleft develops into external auditory meatus.

Treacher Collins syndrome:

1st branchial-arch neural crest fails to migrate => mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities.

1st pouch | -gives rise to:

-endoderm-lined structures of ear.

2nd pouch | -gives rise to:

-epithelial lining of palatine tonsil.

3rd pouch | -gives rise to:

-inferior parathyroids & thymus.

4th pouch | -gives rise to:

-superior parathyroids.

3rd v 4th pouch. | -mnemonic for knowing which one gives sup/inf parathyroids:

-3 is inferior # to 4, 3 has inferior parathyroids and 4 | has superior parathyroid.

Which pouch gives rise to thymus? | -mnemonic?

3rd - Third = Thymus. * you know its btwn 3rd and 4th btwn DiGeorge is aberrant development of 3rd & 4th.

Relative Risk equation:

a/(a + b) / c/(c + d)

Odds ratio equation:

a/c / b/d

Attributable risk | -equation? Kind of like what other equation?

Its like relative risk except instead of dividing you subtract. a/(a + b) - c/(c + d)

Number needed to treat | -equation:

1/absolute risk reduction

Number needed to harm | -equation:

1/attributable risk

Which amino acid used to make NO?

arginine

citalopram | -what is it?

SSRI

Sciatic nerve: roots:

L2 to S3.

Propylthiouracil vs methimazole - which one also blocks peripheral 5′-deiodinase? - what is a feared side effect of these two?

- PTU | - agranulocytosis.

How long does it take for blastocyst to implant?

6 days minimum.

which bugs have IgA protease?

Neisseria, strep pneumo, H.influenzae.

Is pancreas retroperitoneal?

yes, except its tail.

High FFA relationship to diabetes:

high FFAs inc. insulin resistance. | -"lipotoxicity".

Nonpulsatile bleed | -what does this tell u?

Its a venous bleed, not an arterial bleed.

Common characteristic of all astrocytomas?

they're all benign.

Probenecid - mech: - C/I in which pts?

- Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PCT (also inhibits secretion of penicillin). - dont use in pts w/renal failure or urate stones. * its a uricosuric drug.