3/16 Repro Flashcards

1
Q

Bicornuate uterus

-due to what?

A

incomplete fusion of paramesonephric ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Germ cell tumor & inc. T4 & T3.

-whats the connection?

A

Germ cell tumor releases bHCG which has same alpha-subunit as TSH (and LH & FSH).
-This acts like TSH and causes thyroid to produce more thyroxine!

*bHCG shares significant sequence homology in the beta-subunit w/TSH as well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Superficial inguinal nodes

-drain what region?

A
  • all cutaneous lymph from umbilicus to the feet including external genitalia & anus (until pectinate line).
  • excludes posterior calf which drains to popliteal l.nodes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

main mode of action of OCPs?

A

suppress synth of FSH and LH.

  • leads to inhibition of ovulation (no LH spike).
  • also cause thickening of cervical mucus, but this is not the main mode of action.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which HPV causes warts?

A

6 & 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which HPV can cause cervical carcinoma?

A

16, 18, 31, 33

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

citrate

-effect w/renal stones?

A

-high citrate is good, binds calcium and prevents it from precipitating.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

direct inguinal hernia

-cause?

A

weakness of transversalis fascia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sonic hedgehog gene

  • patterning along which axis?
  • involved in development of what?
  • mutation can lead to what?
A
  • anterior-posterior axis.
  • Involved in CNS development
  • mutation can cause holoprosencephaly.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Wnt-7 gene

-Necessary for proper organization along which axis?

A

dorsal-ventral axis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

FGF gene

-function?

A

-Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, providing for lengthening of limbs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Homeobox (Hox) genes

  • involved in organization of embryo in which direction?
  • mutations lead to what?
A
  • craniocaudal direction

- Hox mutations appendages in wrong locations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Bilaminar disc

-which week?

A

2 weeks = 2 layers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is fetus most susceptible to teratogens?

A

Weeks 3-8, the “embryonic period”.

-this is when organogenesis occurs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Upper & lower limb buds begin to form

-which week?

A

4 weeks = 4 limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Heart begins to beat

-which week?

A

week 4

-4 chambers in your heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fetal cardiac activity visible by transvaginal ultrasound.

-which week?

A

week 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Genitalia have male/female characteristics.

-which week?

A

week 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

gastrulation

  • what is it?
  • what starts it off?
A
  • Process that forms the trilaminar embryonic disc.
  • Establishes the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm germ layers.

-Starts with the epiblast invaginating to form the primitive streak.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

First 2 layers of the inner cell mass?

-which contributes to the embryo?

A

epiblast & hypoblast

-epiblast becomes the embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the epiblasts new cavity?

A

amniotic cavity

-it will eventually surround the entire embryo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which sect of the mesoderm forms the parietal body cavity?

A

somatic/parietal lateral plate mesoderm
*Amniotic cavity follows it around & now surround the entire embryo. It disconnects from the somatic lateral plate mesoderm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

which sect of the mesoderm forms the gut tube/CT/smooth muscle of gut tube?

A

visceral/splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Neural crest origin

  • which marker?
  • name some structures
A

S-100 (+)

  • melanoma
  • schwannoma
  • langerhan cell histiocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Notochord | -adult derivative?
Nucleus pulposus of intervertebral disc.
26
Deformation vs malformation
Deformation = extrinsic disruption; occurs after the embryonic period. Malformation = intrinsic disruption; occurs during the embryonic period (weeks 3–8).
27
Absence of digits | -which teratogen?
alkylating agent
28
fingernail hypoplasia | -which teratogen?
Carbamazepine, phenytoin.
29
Aplasia cutis congenita | -which teratogen?
Methimazole
30
Fetal hydantoin syndrome - which teratogen? - what is it?
-phenytoin -microcephaly, dysmorphic craniofacial features, hypoplastic nails and distal phalanges, cardiac defects, IUGR, intellectual disability
31
Caudal regression syndrome (anal atresia to sirenomelia) -which teratogen?
glucose | -Maternal diabetes
32
Smooth philtrum, thin upper lip | -which congenital problem?
fetal alcohol syndrome
33
hypertelorism
Abnormally increased distance between two organs or bodily parts, usually referring to an increased distance between the orbits (eyes)--orbital hypertelorism.
34
What is a chorion?
placenta
35
Dizygotic twins - how many chorions? - how many amniotic sacs?
- 2 separate chorions | - 2 separate amniotic sacs
36
Monozygotic twins | -When do you get 2 chorions (placentas)?
If they split before day 4. | -after day 4, you always get just 1 chorion (placenta).
37
Monozygotic twins | -when does the fertilized egg split into 2 zygotes?
75% of the time, day 4-8. 25% before day 4. <1% after day 8.
38
Monozygotic twins | -at what point will they share an amniotic cavity?
If they split after 8 days, which is <1%. | -so 99% of the time, you will have 2 amniotic cavities.
39
Conjoined twins - when do they split? - how many chorions? - how many amniotic sacs?
>13 days. | -monoamniotic, monochorionic.
40
Most common twinning: - when is the split? - how many chorions? - how many amniotic sacs?
75% of the time, day 4-8 - Monochorionic - Diamniotic
41
Inner layer of chorionic villi.
Cytotrophoblast -Cytotrophoblast cells = mitotically active & serve as the stem cells for formation of the syncytiotrophoblast. The syncytiotrophoblast is mitotically inactive.
42
Outer layer of chorionic villi
Syncytiotrophoblast
43
Syncytiotrophoblast or Cytotrophoblast | -which makes bHCG?
Syncytiotrophoblast
44
Umbilical vessels - 2 of which? - mnemonic?
2 umbilical arteries | *arteries = longer word = there are more of them.
45
Umbilical arts | -stem from which fetal arteries?
internal iliac arts.
46
Umbilical arteries and veins are derived from:
Allantois
47
urachus - derivative of what? - function in utero?
- allantois becomes the urachus. | - Duct connecting fetal bladder to yolk sac and allows bladder to drain waste into the yolk sac.
48
Urachal cyst | -can predispose to what cancer?
-adenocarcinoma at dome of the bladder.
49
obliterated urachus becomes what?
-median umbilical ligament.
50
Obliteration of vitelline duct | -which week?
7th week
51
Branchial clefts—derived from:
ectoderm
52
Branchial arches—derived from:
mesoderm and neural crest
53
Branchial pouches—derived from:
endoderm
54
DiGeorge syndrome | -branchial cleft, pouch, or arch problem?
-3rd & 4th POUCHES.
55
Which part of LN is not well developed in di Georges? | -mnemonic?
- l. node paracortex. * paracortex = T cell country. *Mr. T Pities the fool. T cells in Paracortex.
56
Cleft lip—failure of fusion of the:
- maxillary and medial nasal processes (formation of 1° | palate) .
57
Cleft palate—failure of fusion of the:
-two lateral palatine processes or -failure of fusion of lateral palatine processes with the nasal septum and/or median palatine process.
58
Cleft palate | -how can it present?
-makes it difficult for baby to make proper suction for feeding, resulting in choking/coughing.
59
Most common breast mass in a younger woman?
fibroadenoma
60
Bicornuate uterus | -Sxs:
-recurrent miscarriages.
61
Clomiphene | -location of action?
-blocks estrogen receptors in hypothalamus.
62
Most common testicular tumor?
Seminoma 40%
63
Short palpebral fissues | -teratogen?
fetal alcohol syndrome
64
Upper portion of vagina + female internal structures made from what?
paramesonephric duct (mullerian duct)
65
Bottom 1/3 of vagina made from what?
urogenital sinus
66
Müllerian duct abnormalities result in:
-anatomical defects that may present as 1° amenorrhea in females with fully developed 2° sexual characteristics (indicator of functional ovaries).
67
Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct - develops into what structures? - mnemonic?
SEED - Seminal vesicles - Epididymis - Ejaculatory duct - Ductus deferens
68
No Sertoli cells or lack of Müllerian inhibitory | factor:
- develop both male and female internal genitalia and male external genitalia. - not stopping female + you're still making male bc leydig cells still making testosterone. - DHT will cause external male.
69
5α-reductase deficiency:
-male internal genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia until puberty (when  testosterone levels cause inc. and cause masculinization)
70
"penis at 12" phenomenon - a "girl" may getting an enlarged clit aroud puberty age. - what disease can this be?
5α-reductase deficiency
71
hypospadias - cause? - more or less common than epispadias?
- failure of urethral folds to close. | - more common than epispadias.
72
epispadias - cause? - associated condition?
- faulty positioning of genital tubercle. | - Exstrophy of the bladder is associated with Epispadias.
73
Gubernaculum | -male remnant?
Anchors testes within scrotum.
74
Gubernaculum | -female remnant?
Ovarian ligament + round ligament of uterus.
75
``` Infundibulopelvic ligament (suspensory ligament of the ovaries) -contains what? ```
Ovarian vessels.
76
What is at risk of injury during ligation of ovarian vessels. - when do you ligate these vessels? - ovarian vessels contained in which ligament?
ureter - oophorectomy - infundibulopelvic lig. (suspensory lig of ovary).
77
Cardinal ligament - contains what? - ligated when? whats at risk of being damaged?
uterine vessels | -ligated during hysterectomy, watch out for ureter.
78
Round ligament of the uterus | -contains what?
- contain no major structures. | - round like 0 as in 0 structures
79
Ovarian ligament | -contains what?
- contain no major structures. | - O like 0 as in 0 important structures
80
Ovary, outer surface | -epithelial type?
-Simple cuboidal epithelium (germinal epithelium covering surface of ovary).
81
Sperm acquire motility in epididymis which is lined by:
-Pseudostratified columnar epi w/sterocilia.
82
Which n. contains para fibers for male sexual response? | -which pathway is activated?
pelvic nerve | -NO => inc. cGMP => smooth muscle relaxation => vasodilation = erection.
83
How does erection go away?
Norepinephrine => inc. [Ca2+] => smooth muscle contraction Ž=> vasoconstriction => antierectile.
84
Male sexual response: Emission | -which nerve?
Sympathetic nervous system | -hypogastric nerve.
85
Male sexual response: Ejaculation | -which nerve?
visceral and somatic nerves | -pudendal nerve.
86
What forms blood-testes barrier? | Whats its purpose?
Tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells form blood-testis barrier => isolate gametes from autoimmune attack.
87
Sertoli cells - temp sensitive? - if so, what changes?
- yes | - dec. sperm prod & dec. inhibin prod w/high temps.
88
Leydig cells - temp sensitive? - if so, what changes?
no
89
Leydig or Sertoli | -which one has aromatase?
Both
90
Sertoli cells need testosterone to help make sperm. If you take exogenous testosterone, will your sperm count increase?
-if you take exogenous testosterone, your sperm count can be decreased b/c you need high LOCAL testosterone concentration for sperm production.
91
Testosterone has neg. feedback on what?
GnRH & LH | *so indirectly also FSH
92
Inhibin (via sertoli cell) has neg. feedback on what?
FSH
93
Which estrogen made in: Ovary: placenta: adipose tissue:
- ovary = 17β-estradiol - placenta = estriol - adipose tissue = estrone via aromatization
94
Estrogen | -inc or dec transport protein synth?
Inc
95
Estrogen - effect on HDL? - effect on LDL?
- inc HDL | - dec LDL
96
Potency of the estrogens? Estrone, estriol, estradiol. | -which one can be normal in a post-menopausal woman?
estradiol > estrone > estriol | -estrone may be normal in post-menopausal woman.
97
Where are estrogen receptors?
Estrogen receptors expressed in the cytoplasm; translocate to the nucleus when bound by ligand.
98
Fall in what hormone after delivery disinhibits prolactin lactation?
Fall in progesterone after delivery disinhibits PRLŽ lactation.
99
Myometrial excitability - which hormone increases it? - which hormone decreases it?
- estrogen increases - progesterone decreases *pro-gestation: you dont want myometrium contracting during gestation, that would abort the baby.
100
Which hormone inc. female's body temp?
progesterone | *pro-gestation, you got a bun in the oven, the temperature will be increased.
101
menstruation | -example of what kind of cell death?
apoptosis
102
Most common meds causing impotence?
SSRIs & sympathetic blockers
103
Fetal hydronephrosis | -where is the obstruction most commonly?
Uretopelvic junction | -last part of the ureter to canalize is where it meets the renal pelvis.
104
Where is the uretopelvic junction?
where ureter meets the renal pelvis. | -aka the start of the ureter.
105
adenomyosis | -whats uterus going to look like?
uniformly enlarged | *i wouldn't guess that it would be uniformly enlarged.
106
3 Sxs of pre-eclampsia? | -when does it usually happen?
HTN, proteinuria, edema. | -after 20th week of gestation.
107
When are peak progesterone levels seen?
mid-luteal phase
108
Luteal phase aka:
secretory phase
109
Why dont beta-lactams work against chlamydia?
bc it has no peptidoglycan cell wall
110
Fever, rash, oliguria 1-3 wks after you give a medication: - whats the disease? - which cells are classically seen?
drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis | -eosinophils
111
Syphillis | -what are the warts called?
condyloma lata
112
Follicular growth is fastest during ____ week of | proliferative phase.
2nd
113
Metrorrhagia | -define:
-intermenstrual bleeding: frequent but irregular menstruation.
114
Menorrhagia | -define:
-heavy menstrual bleeding: > 80 mL blood loss or > 7 days of menses.
115
Menometrorrhagia: | -define:
heavy, irregular | menstruation at irregular intervals.
116
Progesterone effect on LH
Progesterone inhibits LH. * basis for OCPs containing progesterone. * estrogen (unless very high level) also inhibits LH and FSH.
117
What phase are primary oocytes arrested in until ovulation?
prophase 1
118
What phase does the secndary oocyte progress to but stop at unless its fertilized?
metaphase 2
119
What phase does the oocyte have to reach before ovulation can occur?
metaphase 2 | *has to be in metaphase when the sperm meets it.
120
How many chromatids do primary oocytes (prophase 1 arrest) have?
-46 chromatids: S phase has happened but mitosis has not finished.
121
secondary oocyte (meta2 arrest) - ploidy? - chromatids?
1N, 2C | -homologous chroms separate after meiosis 1 so you get haploid cells.
122
How long after fertilization is implantation?
6 days
123
How soon is bHCG present in blood & urine, and which cells are secreting it?
Syncytiotrophoblasts secrete hCG, which is detectable in blood 1 week after conception and on home test in urine 2 weeks after conception.