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A-LEVEL BIOLOGY > 3.4.1 Mass Transport in Animals > Flashcards

3.4.1 Mass Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe co-operative binding

A
  • After the first oxygen binds, the second one binds easier
  • The first oxygen binding changes the quaternary strucutre of the hameoglobin, so it changes shape
  • This uncovers another haem binding site for the second oxygen to bind to
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1
Q

Describe and explain the level and type of protein comprising haemoglobin

A
  • Globular (specific shape for binding)
  • Quaternary
  • 4 polypeptide chains, and 4 haem binding groups
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2
Q

Describe and explain the process of oxygen loading to haemoglobin

A
  • Occurs in lungs, where p(O2) is high
  • Haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen
  • Oxygen will load/associate with haemoglobin more readily
  • Forming oxyhaemoglobin
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3
Q

Describe and explain the process of oxygen unloading from haemoglobin

A
  • Occurs at respiring tissues, where p(O2) is low
  • As oxygen is required by respiring tissues for aerobic respiration, to release energy
  • Haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen
  • Oxygen will unload/dissociate with haemoglobin more readily
  • Unloading is linked to a high concentration of carbon dioxide - Bohr effect
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4
Q

Describe the red curve

A
  • Foetal haemoglobin
  • Oxygen transferred to foetus from mother at placenta
  • Haemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen
  • Oxygen will load/associate more readily with haemoglobin
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5
Q

Describe the blue curve

A
  • Haemoglobin for a smaller mammal
  • Haemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen
  • Oxygen unloads/dissociates more readily
  • To supply respiring tissues with more oxygen for increased rate of aerobic respiration
  • To release more energy
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6
Q

Blood vessel taking blood into left atrium

A

Pulmonary vein

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7
Q

Blood vessel taking blood into right atrium

A

Vena cava

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8
Q

Blood vessel taking blood out of left ventricle

A

Aorta

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9
Q

Blood vessel taking blood out of right ventricle

A

Pulmonary artery

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10
Q

Valves seperating atria and ventricles

A

AV Valves

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11
Q

Valves seperating ventricles and arteries

A

Semi-Lunar Valves

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12
Q

Function of the coronary arteries

A

Supply the heart muscle cells with oxygen and glucose for respiration

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13
Q

Why does the left ventricle have the thickest wall

A
  • Produce a stronger contraction
  • To create a high blood pressure
  • As aorta supplies whole body with blood
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14
Q

Blood vessel taking blood to liver

A

Hepatic artery

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15
Q

Blood vessel taking blood away from liver

A

Hepatic vein

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16
Q

Blood vessel taking blood into kidney

A

Renal artery

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17
Q

Blood vessel taking blood away from kidneys

A

Renal vein

18
Q

How does blood flow remain unidirectional

A
  • Blood moves from high to low pressure
  • AV and semi-lunar valves close to prevent backflow
19
Q

Describe and explain atrial systole

A
  • Atria contract
  • Causing an increase in pressure in the atria
  • So pressure greater in atrium than pressure in ventricle
  • So AV valve opens
  • Semi-lunar closed
  • Blood flows from atrium to ventricle
  • Ventricular volume increases, atrial volume decreases
20
Q

Describe and explain ventricular systole

A
  • Ventricle contracts
  • Causing an increase in pressure in ventricles
  • So pressure in ventricle is greater than pressure in artery
  • So semi-lunar valve opens
  • AV valve closed
  • Blood moves from ventricle to artery
  • Volume of ventricle decreases, volume of artery increases
21
Q

Cardiac output equation

A
22
Q

State the features of the arteries

A
  • Thick muscular layer
  • Thick elastic layer
  • Thick wall
  • Narrow lumen
  • Smooth endothelium
23
Q

State the features of the arterioles

A
  • Thick muscular layer
  • Thick elastic layer
  • Narrow lumen
  • Smooth endothelium
24
Q

State the features of veins

A
  • Thin muscular layer
  • Thin elastic layer
  • Wide lumen
  • Smooth endothelium
  • Valves
25
Q

Explain the function of the thick muscular wall in arteries

A

Can contract to maintain pressure (vasoconstriction)

26
Q

Explain the function of the thick elastic layer in arteries

A
  • Stretch when ventricles contract
  • Recoil when ventricles relax
  • Maintains blood pressure
27
Q

Explain the function of the thick wall in arteries

A

Withstand high blood pressure to prevent bursting

28
Q

Explain the function of narrow lumen in arteries

A

Maintain blood pressure

29
Q

Explain the function of smooth endothelium in arteries

A

Reduce friction

30
Q

Explain the function of thick muscular layer in arterioles

A

Can constrict (vasoconstriction) and relax (vasodilation) to control changes in rate of blood flow

31
Q

Explain the function of thick elastic layer in arterioles

A

Stretch and recoil to accomodate changes in blood pressure

32
Q

Explain the function of narrow lumen in arterioles

A

Maintain blood pressure

33
Q

Explain the function of smooth endothelium in arterioles

A

Reduce friction

34
Q

Explain the function of thin muscular layer in veins

A

Some ability to contract (vasoconstriction) to maintain pressure

35
Q

Explain the function of thin elastic layer in veins

A

Some ability to stretch and recoil to accommodate changes in blood pressure

36
Q

Explain the function of wide lumen in veins

A

Reduce friction

37
Q

Explain the function of smooth endothelium in veins

A

Reduce friction

38
Q

Explain the function of valves in veins

A

Close to prevent backflow

39
Q

Why is blood slowed in capillaries

A

More time for exchange of substances

40
Q

Why is the capillary comprised on a single endothelial cell

A

Short diffusion pathway, so quick exchange of substances

41
Q

Explain the formation of tissue fluid

A
  • Ventricle contracts to produce a high blood pressure
  • High blood pressure = high hydrostatic pressure
  • Hydrostatic pressure is higher at capillary arteriole end than capillary venuole end
  • This pushes water and other small molecules (like glucose) out of capillaries arteriole end, forming tissue fluid
42
Q

Explain the return of tissue fluid

A
  • Plasma proteins remain in blood, as** too large to leave**
  • So their concentration at the venule end of the capillary increases
  • This decreases the water potential of the blood
  • So water moves into the capillaries venule end by osmosis
  • Excess tissue fluid is reabsorbed by the lymphatic system

A-LEVEL BIOLOGY (35 decks)

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