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A-LEVEL BIOLOGY > 2.4 Immunity > Flashcards

2.4 Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the non-self cells

A
  • Cells from transplants
  • Abnormal (cancer) cells
  • Cells infected by a virus
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2
Q

Cells from transplants, abnormal (cancer) cells, and cells infected by a virus are all what type of cell

A

Non-self cells

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3
Q

Define an antigen

A

Foreign protein, which stimulates an immune response

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4
Q

Describe and explain the process of phagocytosis

A
  • Phatocyte attracted to pathogen as it recognises foreign antigen
  • Phagocyte engulfs pathogen by endocytosis, and encloses it into a phagosome
  • Phagosome fuses with lysosome
  • Lysosome releases enzymes which hydroylse pathogen
  • Antigens displayed on cell-surface membrane
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5
Q

How is a phagocyte attracted to a pathogen

A

It recognises foreign antigen

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6
Q

In what process does a phagocyte engluf a pathogen

A

Endocytosis

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7
Q

What fuses with each other during phagocytosis

A

Phagosome fuses with lysosome

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8
Q

What type of response is phagocytosis

A

Non-specific immune response

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9
Q

What are the two types of phagocytes

A

Neutrophils and monocytes, which mature to macrophages

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10
Q

Long-livety of neutrophiles

A

Short lived

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11
Q

Long-livety of monocytes

A

Mature to macrophages, which are longer-lived

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12
Q

Describe the cellular immune response

A
  • T cell receptor specific for single antigen
  • Th cell with complementary antigen binds to antigen presenting cell
  • Causes activation of Th cells to rapidly divide by mitosis
  • Producing clones
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13
Q

What can clones of Th cells do

A
  • Become T memory cells
  • Stimulate the humoral response
  • Stimulate cytotoxic T cells
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14
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells result in the death of other cells

A

Produce the protein perforin, which makes holes in the cell-surface membrane

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15
Q

Describe and explain the humoural immune response

A
  • Antigen binds to surface receptor on B cell
  • B cell englulfs by endocytosis, and presents antigens on surface
  • T helper cell with complementary receptor binds to antigens
  • This stimulates B cell so it is activated, rapidly dividing by mitosis
  • Activated B cell can differentiate into B memory cells or plasma cells
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16
Q

What can activated B cells differentiate into

A
  • B Memory Cells
  • Plasma Cells
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17
Q

Long-livety of B Memory cells

A

Long-lived

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18
Q

Long-livety of plasma cells

A

Short-lived

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19
Q

What is the purpose of B Memory Cells

A

Can rapidly divide into plasma cells if the same antigen is encountered

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20
Q

What is the purpose of plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies

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21
Q

What are antibodies produced by

A

Plasma cells

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22
Q

When does agglutination occur

A

When an antigen and antibody bind with each other, forming an antigen-antibody complex

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23
Q

What is the result of an antigen and antibody binding with each other, forming an antigen-antibody complex

A

Agglutination

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24
Q

What is the purpose of agglutination

A

Attracts phagocytes to increase the rate of phagocytosis

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25
Q

Define an antibody

A

Protein secreted by plasma cells which are specific to an antigen

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26
Q

What is the orange label on this antibody

A

Antigen binding site

27
Q

What is the light blue label on this antibody

A

Variable reigon

28
Q

What is the dark blue label on this antibody

A

Constant reigon

29
Q

What is the green label on this antibody

A

Disulfide Bridge

30
Q

What is the red label on this antibody

A

Light polypeptide chains

31
Q

What is the pink label on this antibody

A

Heavy polypeptide chains

32
Q

When does a primary immune response occur

A

First time after an individual encounters a pathogen

33
Q

When does a secondary immune response occur

A

Subsequent times after an individual encounters a pathogen

34
Q

Why is primary immune response slower than secondary immune response

A

Fewer T and B cells in circulation

35
Q

What is the result of primary immune response, that is not the result of secondary immune response

A

Production of memory cells

36
Q

Key sentence to include in all immune response questions regarding the secondary immune response

A

Secondary immune response occurs quicker, and a higher concentration of antibodies are produced

37
Q

What is the final result of phagocytosis

A

Pathogen antigens displayed on cell-surface membrane

38
Q

Describe and explain how the process of vaccination produced antibodies

A
  • Vaccine contains antigen from pathogen
  • Antigen binds to receptor on B cell
  • B cell engulfs by endocytosis, and presents antigens on surface
  • T helper cell with complemtary receptor binds to antigens
  • This stimulates/activates the B cell so it rapidly divides by mitosis
  • B cells differentiate into memory cells and plasma cell
  • Plasma cells produce antibodies
  • Memory cells produce plasma cells faster when re-infected by pathogen
39
Q

Active vs passive immunity: Memory cells

A
  • Active involves memory cells
  • Passive doesn’t involve memroy cells
40
Q

Active vs passive immunity: Introduction of anitbodies

A
  • Active involves antibody production by plasma cells
  • Passive involves antibody introduced from outside source
41
Q

Active vs passive immunity: short or long-term, and why

A
  • Active long-term as anitbody is produced in response to antigen
  • Passive long-term as antibody is broken down
42
Q

Active vs passive immunity: Time taken to work

A
  • Active takes time to work
  • Passive is fast-acting
43
Q

Why is herd immunity neccessary

A

Not all individuals can be vaccinated

44
Q

Explain the principale of herd immunity

A
  • If a suffice proportion of the population is vaccinated, then pathogen cannot be transmitted to unvaccinated individuals
  • As pathogen destroyed before it reaches vulnerable individuals
45
Q

On this HIV diagram: What is the pink

A

RNA

46
Q

On this HIV diagram: What is the blue

A

Protein Capsid

47
Q

On this HIV diagram: What is the green

A

Reverse Transcriptase enzyme

48
Q

On this HIV diagram: What is the orange

A

Lipid envelope

49
Q

On this HIV diagram: What is the black

A

Attachment proteins

50
Q

Where is reverse transcriptase enzyme found within a molecule of HIV

A

Matrix

51
Q

Where are the attahment proteins found on a molecule of HIV

A

Lipid envelope

52
Q

Describe and explain the process of HIV replicating

A
  • Attachment proteins on virus bind to receptors of T helper cell
  • HIV injects RNA into T helper cell
  • Reverse transcriptase enzyme converts RNA to DNA
  • DNA incorporates itslef into T helper cell chromosome
  • DNA transcribed into HIV mRNA
  • HIV mRNA translated into viral proteins
  • Virus assembled and released from cell
53
Q

What cells does HIV affect

A

T helper cells

54
Q

Does does HIV enter the T helper cells

A

Injects RNA

55
Q

How does HIV affect the immune system

A
  • HIV destroys T helper cells
  • So fewer B cells are activated/stimulated
  • Less antibodies produced
56
Q

Explain how HIV affects antibody production

A
  • HIV destorys T helper cells
  • Fewer B cells are activated/stimulated
  • Less antibodies produced
57
Q

Define a monoclonal antibody

A

Antibodies with the same tertiary structure, produced from cloned plasma cells

58
Q

Why can monoclonal antibodies be used to treat disease

A

Binds to specific antigens

59
Q

What type of immunity does monoclonal antibodies use the principal of

A

Passive immunity

60
Q

Describe and explain the process of using an ELISA test

A
  • Antigen from sample being tested is attached to well
  • First antibody has tertiary structure, which is complementary in shape to the antigen added, and so binds
  • Add second antibody with enzyme attached, that binds to first antibody
  • Substrate added
  • Colour change, due to enzyme
61
Q

What does the first line on antibody test strip prevent and how

A
  • False negatives
  • Shows how original antibody has moved up the strip
62
Q

Explain why antibodies are specific to one antigen

A
  • Variable reigon has a specific primary structure
  • So binding site has a specific tertiary structure
  • Binding site is** complementary in shape to antigen** so binds
  • To form an **antibody-antigen complex **
63
Q

Define a pathogen

A

A microorganism that causes an immune response, and bodily harm

A-LEVEL BIOLOGY (35 decks)

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