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A-LEVEL BIOLOGY > 5.2 Respiration > Flashcards

5.2 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Location of glycolysis

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic

A

Anaerobic

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3
Q

What are the 3 steps of glycolysis

A
  1. Glucose –> 1,6-fructosebiphosphate (using ATP)
  2. 1,6-fructosebiphosphate –> 2 x Triose Phosphate
  3. 2 x Triose Phosphate –> 2 x pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 Reduced NAD
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4
Q

Net products of glycolysis

A
  • 2 Pyruvate
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 Reduced NAD
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5
Q

What reaction is triose phosphate to pyruvate

A

Oxidation

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6
Q

What is required to turn glucose into 1,6-fructosebiphosphate

A

ATP

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7
Q

What is reduced into what, as triose phosphate is oxidised to pyruvate

A

NAD is reduced to reduced NAD

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8
Q

What is the product of glycolysis, and how does it enter the Link Reaction

A
  • Pyruvate
  • Activly transported into mitochondrial matrix
  • As can cross mitochondrial membranes
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9
Q

Location of Link Reaction

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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10
Q

How many times does the link reaction occur, per glucose molecule

A

Twice

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11
Q

What are the two stages of the Link Reaction

A
  • Pyruvate –> Acetate + CO2 + Reduced NAD
  • Acetate + CoenzymeA –> AcetylcoenzymeA
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12
Q

What type of reaction is pyruvate –> acetate

A

Oxidation

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13
Q

Substrate for Kreb’s Cycle

A

AcetylcoenzymeA

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14
Q

Where does Kreb’s Cycle occur

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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15
Q

How many times does the Kreb’s Cycle occur for each molecule of glucose

A

Twice

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16
Q

What are the two stages of the Kreb’s Cycle

A
  • AcetylcoenzymeA + 4C –> 6C + CoenzymeA
  • 6C –> 4C + 2CO2 + Reduced FAD + Reduced NAD + ATP
17
Q

Explain what is occuring during the second stage of the Kreb’s cycle

A

The 6C molecule undergos a series of redox reactions to reform the 4C molecule

18
Q

What are the end products of one Kreb Cycle

A
  • 4C
  • 2 x CO2
  • Reduced NAD
  • Reduced FAD
  • ATP (one per cycle)
19
Q

How many ATP are produced per Kreb Cycle

A

ATP

20
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced in the Kreb’s Cycle, per molecule of glucose

A

2

21
Q

Location of Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

22
Q

Describe and explain the process of oxidative phosphorylation, until an electrochemical gradient is established

A
  • Reduced NAD and reduced FAD are oxidised, forming NAD and FAD, releasing electrons
  • Electrons move down the electron transport chain, releasing energy to proteins by redox reactions
  • Energy is used to actively transport protons from matrix, to inter-membrane space
  • This establishes an electrochemical gradient
23
Q

Describe and explain the process of oxidative phosphorylation from the establishement of an electrochemical gradient

A
  • Protons diffuse through ATP synthase back into the matrix
  • Energy released allows ADP + PI –> ATP
  • Oxygen acts as terminal electron acceptor
  • Combines with electrons and protons to form water
24
Q

Why is oxygen so important by acting as a terminal electron acceptor

A

Absorbs the excess protons, maintaining the electrochemical gradient, allowing protons to continue to diffuse through ATP Sythase

25
Q

How many molecules of ATP are synthesised per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration (how many from each stage)

A
  • 30-32
  • 2 in glycolysis
  • 2 in Kreb’s Cycle
  • 26-28 in Oxidative Phosphorylation
26
Q

Per glucose molecule, how many molecules of ATP are synthesised during oxidative phosphorylation

A

26-28

27
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur

A

Cytoplasm

28
Q

Describe the process of anaerobic respiration

A
  • Glycolysis occurs
  • Producing 2 pyruate, 2 ATP and 2 Reduced NAD
  • Reduced NAD is oxidised to NAD to allow glycolysis to continue
  • As NAD is reduced in glycolysis
29
Q

What is pyruvate reduced to in anaerobic respiration in animals

A

Lactate

30
Q

What is pyruvate reduced to in anaerobic respiration in plants

A
  • Ethanal
  • Then ethanol + CO2
31
Q

How many molecules of ATP are synthesised during anaerobic respiration per glucose molecule

A

2

32
Q

What must always be refered to when given a question of respirometers

A
  • Increase/decrease in volume of gases
  • Pressure change
33
Q

In respiration experiments, why do organisms need time before the experiment begins at different temperatures

A

To equilibrate

A-LEVEL BIOLOGY (32 decks)

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