5.2 Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Location of glycolysis

A

Cytoplasm

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2
Q

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic

A

Anaerobic

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3
Q

What are the 3 steps of glycolysis

A
  1. Glucose –> 1,6-fructosebiphosphate (using ATP)
  2. 1,6-fructosebiphosphate –> 2 x Triose Phosphate
  3. 2 x Triose Phosphate –> 2 x pyruvate + 2ATP + 2 Reduced NAD
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4
Q

Net products of glycolysis

A
  • 2 Pyruvate
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 Reduced NAD
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5
Q

What reaction is triose phosphate to pyruvate

A

Oxidation

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6
Q

What is required to turn glucose into 1,6-fructosebiphosphate

A

ATP

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7
Q

What is reduced into what, as triose phosphate is oxidised to pyruvate

A

NAD is reduced to reduced NAD

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8
Q

What is the product of glycolysis, and how does it enter the Link Reaction

A
  • Pyruvate
  • Activly transported into mitochondrial matrix
  • As can cross mitochondrial membranes
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9
Q

Location of Link Reaction

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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10
Q

How many times does the link reaction occur, per glucose molecule

A

Twice

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11
Q

What are the two stages of the Link Reaction

A
  • Pyruvate –> Acetate + CO2 + Reduced NAD
  • Acetate + CoenzymeA –> AcetylcoenzymeA
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12
Q

What type of reaction is pyruvate –> acetate

A

Oxidation

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13
Q

Substrate for Kreb’s Cycle

A

AcetylcoenzymeA

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14
Q

Where does Kreb’s Cycle occur

A

Mitochondrial Matrix

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15
Q

How many times does the Kreb’s Cycle occur for each molecule of glucose

A

Twice

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16
Q

What are the two stages of the Kreb’s Cycle

A
  • AcetylcoenzymeA + 4C –> 6C + CoenzymeA
  • 6C –> 4C + 2CO2 + 1 Reduced FAD + 3 Reduced NAD + 1 ATP
17
Q

Explain what is occuring during the second stage of the Kreb’s cycle

A

The 6C molecule undergos a series of redox reactions to reform the 4C molecule

18
Q

What are the end products of one Kreb Cycle

A
  • 4C
  • 2 x CO2
  • 3 Reduced NAD
  • 1 Reduced FAD
  • 1 ATP
19
Q

How many ATP are produced per Kreb Cycle

20
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced in the Kreb’s Cycle, per molecule of glucose

21
Q

Location of Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

22
Q

Describe and explain the process of oxidative phosphorylation, until an electrochemical gradient is established

A
  • Reduced NAD and reduced FAD are oxidised, forming NAD and FAD, releasing electrons
  • Electrons move down the electron transport chain, releasing energy to proteins by redox reactions
  • Energy is used to pump protons from matrix, to inter-membrane space
  • This establishes an electrochemical gradient
23
Q

Describe and explain the process of oxidative phosphorylation from the establishement of an electrochemical gradient

A
  • Protons diffuse through ATP synthase back into the matrix
  • Energy released allows ADP + PI –> ATP
  • Oxygen acts as terminal electron acceptor
  • Combines with electrons and protons to form water
24
Q

Why is oxygen so important by acting as a terminal electron acceptor

A

Absorbs the excess protons, maintaining the electrochemical gradient, allowing protons to continue to diffuse through ATP Sythase

25
How many molecules of ATP are synthesised per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration (how many from each stage)
* 30-32 * 2 in glycolysis * 2 in Kreb's Cycle * 26-28 in Oxidative Phosphorylation
26
Per glucose molecule, how many molecules of ATP are synthesised during oxidative phosphorylation
26-28
27
Where does anaerobic respiration occur
Cytoplasm
28
Describe the process of anaerobic respiration
* **Glycolysis** occurs * Producing 2 pyruate, 2 ATP and 2 Reduced NAD * Reduced NAD is oxidised to NAD to **allow glycolysis to continue** * As **NAD is reduced in glycolysis**
29
What is pyruvate reduced to in anaerobic respiration in animals
Lactate
30
What is pyruvate reduced to in anaerobic respiration in plants
* Ethanal * Then ethanol + CO2
31
How many molecules of ATP are synthesised during anaerobic respiration per glucose molecule
2
32
What must always be refered to when given a question of respirometers
* Increase/decrease in volume of gases * Pressure change
33
In respiration experiments, why do organisms need time before the experiment begins at different temperatures
To equilibrate
34
What is the type of reaction converting pyruvate to acetate in the link reaction
Oxidised