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A-LEVEL BIOLOGY > 1.5.1 Nucleotides > Flashcards

1.5.1 Nucleotides Flashcards

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1
Q

What does DNA store

A

Genetic information

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2
Q

What are DNA and RNA polymers of

A

Nucleotides

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3
Q

Uses of mRNA (broad)

A

Transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

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4
Q

Uses of tRNA (broad)

A

Transfers specific amino acids to ribosomes to form a polypeptide

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5
Q

What are ribosomes formed of

A

Proteins and rRNA

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6
Q

Draw the structure of a nucleotide, and how it differs in DNA and RNA

A
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7
Q

What are the main differences in the nucleotides of DNA and RNA

A
  • Deoxyribose sugar in DNA
  • Ribose sugar in RNA
  • Thymine base in DNA
  • Uracil base in RNA
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8
Q

What covalent bond does the condensation reaction between adjacent nucleotides form

A

Phosphodiester

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9
Q

What is the polymer of nucleotides

A

Nucleic Acid

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10
Q

Where do phosphodiester bonds form between

A

3rd carbon on one pentose sugar, and the phosphate on the next nucleotide

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11
Q

What forms between bases in complimentary base pairing, and what are the pairings

A
  • Hydrogen bonds
  • Adenine and thymine/uracil
  • Cytosine and Guanine
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12
Q

What is the primary function of the sugar-phosphate backbone

A

Protects the sequence of bases (as they hold the genetic information)

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13
Q

DNA vs RNA: Number of strands

A
  • 2 antiparallel strands
  • 1 strand
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14
Q

DNA vs RNA: Shape

A
  • Double coiled helix
  • Strands held together by hydrogen bonds
  • mRNA = linear
  • tRNA = clover-leaf shaped
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15
Q

DNA vs RNA: Sugar

A

Deoxyribose vs ribose

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16
Q

DNA vs RNA: Bases

A
  • Adenine
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
  • Thymine in DNA
  • Uracil in RNA
17
Q

DNA vs RNA: length

A

Longer vs shorter

18
Q

Main points of comparison between DNA and RNA

A
  • Strands
  • Sugar
  • Bases
  • Length
  • Hydrogen Bonds
  • NOT SHAPE
19
Q

What are the similarities between RNA and DNA

A
  • Phosphodiester bonds join adjacent nucleotides
  • Polymers of nucleotides
  • Nucleotides consist of nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and phosphate group
20
Q

Describe how the structure of DNA is related to it’s functions

A
  • Sugar phosphate backbone protects bases
  • Large so can store lots of information
  • Coiled helix so compact
  • Base sequence codes for amino acids
  • Double stranded - allows for semi-conservative replication
  • Weak hydrogen bonds between complimentary base pairs - allows DNA to be unzipped during replication

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